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Anatomy > Upper Limb 1 > Flashcards

Upper Limb 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 major structures can the body be divided into?

A

Main body (head, neck + trunk)

The appendages (pair upper and lower limbs)

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2
Q

What 2 major parts is the skeleton divided into?

A

Axial skeleton (part of the main body of the head, neck and trunk)

Appendicular skeleton (upper and lower limbs including the bones forming the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdle)

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3
Q

General function of the upper limbs?

A

Position the hand for manipulation and grip activities

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4
Q

General function of the lower limbs?

A

Support the body weight, locomotion + maintain balance

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5
Q

What are the upper limbs connected to the trunk by?

A

The left and right sternoclavicular joints

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6
Q

What type of joints are sternoclavicular joints?

A

True joints

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7
Q

Which joints connect the upper limb to the trunk and what type of joint is each one?

A

Left and right sterno-clavicular joints → True joints

Left and right scapulo-thoracic joints → Virtual or physiological joints

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8
Q

What is the true attachment of the upper limb with the trunk?

A

Manubrium

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9
Q

What are the scapulothoracic joint movements?

A

Movements of the scapula against the posterior and lateral thoracic wall

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10
Q

Which joints connect the lower limb to the trunk (axial skeleton)?

A

Sacroilliac joint

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11
Q

What type of joint is a sacro-iliac joint?

A

Synovial joint (relatively immobile joint)

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12
Q

What is the upper limb divided into?

A
  • Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
  • The arm
  • The forearm
  • The hand
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13
Q

What is the clavicle?

A

Collar bone that connects the upper limb with the trunk

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14
Q

What does the clavicle articulate with at its medial end?

A

The manubrium (superior part of the sternum)

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15
Q

What does the lateral end of the clavicle articulate with?

A

Scapular acromion

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16
Q

Why does the clavicle have a number of small bony features?

A

Where muscles and ligaments can attach

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17
Q

Purpose of the clavicle?

A

Act as a movable strut supporting the scapula and the rest of the upper limb which are suspended from it.

Also a site of muscle attachment.

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18
Q

Label this diagram

A
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19
Q

Label this diagram of clavicle

A
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20
Q

What is the scapula?

A

Flat triangular bone with a number of bony features that are sites of attachments for muscles and ligaments

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21
Q

What part of the scapula articulates with the clavicle?

A

The acromion

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22
Q

Important attachment point for muscles in the superior scapula?

A

Coracoid process which protrudes anteriorly

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23
Q

What is the glenoid fossa?

A

Shallow cut-like depression in a widened region of lateral scapula (socket for ball and socket shoulder joint)

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24
Q

What is the scapula spine?

A

Ridge of bone dividing the posterior scapula into infraspinatus and supraspinatus fossa -> lateral end =acromion

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25
Q

What is the subscapula fossa?

A

Anterior surface of the scapula closest to the chest wall

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26
Q

What does the glenoid fossa of the scapula articulate with?

A

With the humeral head (proximal end of the humerus bone)

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27
Q

What is another word for shoulder joint?

A

Glenohumeral joint

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28
Q

Label this image of the scapula

A

A- Acromion

C - Coracoid process

G - Glenoid fossa

Sp - Scapular spine

S - Supraspinous fossa

I - Infraspinous fossa

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29
Q

Label this image

A

Glenoid fossa

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30
Q

What is the largest bone of the upper limb?

A

Humerus - bone of the arm

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31
Q

Describe the humerus

A

Long bone with a fairly straight shaft which has expanded at both its proximal and distal ends where it forms articular structures and sites for muscle attachments

Proximal end - head of humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa

Distal end - has 2 separate articulations (radius and ulna)

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32
Q

What forms the elbow joint?

A

The humerus articulates distally with the radius and the ulna to form the elbow joint

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33
Q

Label this diagram of the upper skeleton

A
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34
Q

What does the radius and ulna articulate with distally?

A

Proximal row of karpal bones at the wrist joint

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35
Q

What are the radius and ulna connected by?

A

Interossesous membrane (sheet fibrous connective tissue)

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36
Q

What is the interosseous membrane?

A

Sheet of fibrous connective tissue

Structure contributes to general stability of arrangement and also acts as a site of muscle attachment

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37
Q

What is the radial tuberosity?

A

Bony feature that is an important attachment site for the tendon of the biceps muscle

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38
Q

Which 2 bones form the forearm?

A

Radius and ulna

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39
Q

Which forearm bone is lateral?

A

Radius

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40
Q

Which forearm bone is medial?

A

Ulna

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41
Q

What 3 bone types form the hand?

A

Carpal bones

Metacarpal

Phalanges

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42
Q

What are the 2 ends of the clavicle?

A

Acromial end

Sternal end

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43
Q

What is the sternal end of the clavicle?

A

Larger facet for articulation with the thoracic wall of the trunk at the manubrium of the sternum

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44
Q

Which joint of the scapula articulates with the humerus?

A

Glenohumeral

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45
Q

Which joint does the clavicle articulate with, with the scapula?

A

Acromioclavicular joint

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46
Q

Which two fossa’s form the posterior aspect the scapula?

A

Supraspinous
Infraspinous

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47
Q

How is the supraspinous and the infraspinous fossa’s divided?

A

Divided by the scapular spine

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48
Q

Which scapular structure is continuous with the acromion?

A

Scapular spine

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49
Q

Which fossa does the head of the humerus articulate with?

A

Glenoid fossa

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50
Q

Which structures does the humerus articulate with distally?

A

Head of the radius and the trochlear notch of the ulna

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51
Q

Which tubules are found on the proximal humeral head?

A

Lesser and greater tubercles

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52
Q

What sulcus run between the two tubercles of the humerus?

A

Inter-tubercular sulcus

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53
Q

Where is the greater tubercle located on the humerus?

A

Laterally of the head

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54
Q

What is the function of the greater tubercle of the humerus?

A

Provides an attachment site for the three rotator cuff muscles: Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor

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55
Q

How many carpal bones are there?

A

8 small bones arranged as 2 rows of 4 as proximal and distal rows.

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56
Q

What is the purpose of the lateral humerus shaft and the deltoid tuberosity?

A

Provides point of attachment of the deltoid muscle

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57
Q

What are the distal humeral projections?

A

The medial and lateral epicondyles

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58
Q

Where does the ulna bone reside?

A

Resides medially and parallel to the radius, acts as a stabilising bone, with the radius pivoting to produce movement

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59
Q

What does the ulna articulate with at its proximal end?

A

Articulates with the trochlea of the humerus; enables movement at the elbow joint, the ulna has a specialised structure with bony projections for muscle attachment

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60
Q

What does the proximal row of the carpal bones articulate with?

A

All articulate with the distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist joint (except for the pisiform - sesamoid bone)

61
Q

What does the distal row of the carpal bones articulate with?

A

Proximal ends of the metacarpal bones (bases of the metacarpals)

62
Q

What are the metacarpal bones?

A

Small, long bones forming the skeleton of the palmar region of the hand

63
Q

What do the metacarpals articulate with?

A

Articulate at their base with the distal row of carpals

Their heads (knuckles) articulate with the proximal phalanges

64
Q

What are the phalanges?

A

The bones of digits

65
Q

How many phalanges are in each digit?

A

The thumb has 2 phalanges (proximal + distal)

The other digits have 3

66
Q

Structure of the phalanges?

A

Each phalanx has a proximal base, shaft and distal head

67
Q

What do the carpals articulate with?

A

The proximal row articulate with distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist joint

Distal row articulates with the proximal ends of the metacarpal bones

Carpal bones also articulate with their neighbours in their rows + the other row

68
Q

How is the arrangement of carpal articulations advantageous?

A

Allows flexibility of the wrist region

69
Q

Label this diagram of the bones of the hand

A
70
Q

What are the joints classified by?

A
  • Structural properties
  • Mobility
71
Q

What do the metacarpals articulate with?

A

Distal carpals at their base and with proximal phalanges at their distal heads (knuckles)

72
Q

What are the 3 structural classifications of joints + explain what each type is?

A

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

73
Q

Explain what fibrous joints are?

A

bones connected by fibrous connective tissues e.g. cranial sutures + syndesmosis in the forearm

74
Q

What is a syndesmosis?

A

an immovable joint in which bones are joined by connective tissue (e.g. between the fibula and tibia at the ankle).

75
Q

Explain what a cartilaginous joint is?

A

Bones connected with cartilage e.g. pubic symphysis

Primary - synchondrosis, connected by hyaline cartilage

Secondary - symphysis, connected by fibrocartilage - mainly in midline of the body

76
Q

What is symphysis?

A

fibrocartilaginous fusion between two bones

77
Q

What is sychondrosis?

A

an almost immovable joint between bones bound by a layer of cartilage, as in the spinal vertebrae.

78
Q

Explain what is meant by synovial joint?

A

Articulation surrounded by an enclosing synovial capsule; bones not directly connected at the joint surfaces, but strengthened by surrounding structures.

Articular surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage (translucent)

79
Q

What are epiphyseal plates + where can they be observed?

A

Temporary cartilaginous joints that allow bone growth

Observed in the bones of babies, children + young adults

80
Q

How long do epiphyseal plates remain cartilaginous?

A

Until they ossify

81
Q

What are the 3 types of synovial joints + explain?

A

Uniaxial - movement in one direction e.g. hinge joint

Biaxial - movement in two directions e.g. saddle joints

Multiaxial - movement on several axes e.g. ball and socket joint

82
Q

What are hinge joints?

A

Permits movement in one plane- flexion and extension (Elbow joint, ankle and knee joint).

83
Q

What are saddle joints?

A

Saddle shaped heads permite movement in two different planes Biaxial

84
Q

What are condyloid joints?

A

Permits flexion and extension, abduction and adduction and circumduction

Biaxial

85
Q

What are plane joints?

A

Permits gliding or sliding movements

Uniaxial

86
Q

What are pivot joints?

A

A rounded process of bone fits into a bony ligamentous socket, permitting rotation

Uniaxial

87
Q

What are ball and socket joints?

A

A rounded head fits into a concavity, permitting movement on several axes

Multiaxial

88
Q

Example of pivot joint?

A

Atlanto-axial joint

89
Q

Example of a ball and socket joint

A

Acetabulum of hip bone (head of femur)

90
Q

Example of a plane joint?

A

Acromioclavicular joint

91
Q

Example of hinge joint?

A

Elbow joint

92
Q

Example of saddle joint?

A

carpometacarpal

93
Q

Example of condyloid joint?

A

Metacarpophalangeal joint

94
Q

What is synarthosis?

A

Little or no mobility e.g. fibrous joints like skull sutures

95
Q

What is amphiarthosis?

A

Limited mobility e.g. fibrocartilaginous joitns such as pubic symphysis

96
Q

What is diarthosis?

A

Freely mobile, many joints

97
Q

What is the principle of mobility and stability?

A

Principle of mobility and stability: The more moveable a joint is, the more unstable it becomes. The shape of the articulating part of the bones would provide insufficient support and independent stability.

98
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Collagenous connective tissues linking bones

99
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Collagenous connective tissues linking bone with muscles

100
Q

What is the sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) + what does it attach?

A

Pectoral girdle + synovial saddle joint

Attaches upper limb to trunk

101
Q

What is the function of sternoclavicular joint?

A

Significant mobility during clavicle elevation and protraction/retraction of the scapula.

102
Q

What structure helps to stabilise the SCJ?

A

Ligaments also limit + prevent unwanted movement

103
Q

What is acromioclavicular joint?

A

Lateral end of the clavicle to the acromion process of the scapula

Synovial plane joint

Joint cavity that contains incomplete fibrocartilage plate

104
Q

What structure stabilises the ACJ?

A

Ligaments and muscles stabilise joint and limit movement

105
Q

What joint is shown here?

A
106
Q

What type of joint is glenohumeral joint?

A

Ball and socket

Synovial joiont

107
Q

What is the glenoid fossa?

A

Socket of the glenohumeral joint

Shallow -> deepened by cartilaginous labrum (lip or rim)

108
Q

What does the humeral head articulate with?

A

Glenoid fossa of the scapula

109
Q

What muscle stabilises the shoulder joint?

A

Rotator cuff group

110
Q

How is the glenohumeral joint stabilised?

A

Joint stability is provided by the rotator cuff muscles attached to greater tubercle of humerus, long head of biceps brachii muscle and extra capular ligaments

111
Q

Label this diagram of the glenohumeral joint

A
112
Q

What are scapulothoracic joint movements?

A

Movements of the scapula against the posterior and lateral thoracic wall

113
Q

What is another term for scapulothoracic joint?

A

Virtual or physiological joint

114
Q

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

A

Synovial joint

115
Q

What are the articulations of the elbow joint?

A

Head of radius and capitlum

Trochlea notch of ulna and trochlea

Closely associated with proximal radio-ulnar joint (for pronation and supination) -> radial notch of ulna and head of radius

116
Q

Label this diagram of elbow at humerus and ulna + radius

A
117
Q

What movement occurs at proximal radioulnar joint?

A

Pronation and supination -> radius is rotated at its head here so shaft crosses the ulna

118
Q

What type of movement is the elbow joint involved in?

A

Hinge-like flexion and extension of the forearm on the arm

119
Q

Where does flexion and extension occur?

A

The pair of condyles on the distal humerus are the capitulum and the trochlea

120
Q

How many fossae do the humerus have?

A

Radial fossa

Coronoid fossa

(superior to the condyles)

121
Q

What happens when the forearm is flexed?

A

Radial fossa accomodates head of radius

Coronoid fossa accommodates ulnar coronoid process

122
Q

Label this diagram of the elbow joint + what does the way the bones fit together at extension mean?

A

Means that further extension is limited

123
Q

What articulations form the wrist (radio-carpal joint)?

A

Articulation between the distal end of the radius and three of the proximal row of carpal bones (scaphoid, lunate + triquetrum)

124
Q

Which bone in the proximal row of carpal bones doesn’t participate in the wrist joint?

A

Pisiform carpal bone

125
Q

Does the distal end of the ulna form part of the wrist joint?

A

No, BUT the ulna articulates with the articular disc, which in turn articulates with the carpals.

126
Q

Is the articular disc that articulates with the distal end of the ulna visible in x ray?

A

No

127
Q

What are the joints of the hand?

A

Intercarpal joints and carpometacarpal joints

128
Q

Label the joints of the hand and explain their articulations

A

Intercarpal joints - Articulation between the carpal bones and the proximal and distal rows and also between those within rows.

Carpometacarpal joints - Articulations between the distal row of carpal bones and the bases of the metacarpals.

All of these joints are synovial and mainly plain joints.

Exception → The first carpometacarpal joint → Saddle joint → provides greater mobility required for the thumb.

129
Q

What type of joint is the thumb?

A

1st carpal metacarpal joint (saddle joint) that allows for greater mobility required for thumb

130
Q

What is the articulation between the metacarpals and the phalanges known as?

A

Metacarpophalangeal joints

131
Q

What are the metacarpophalangeal joints?

A

Synovial condylar joints that allow a wide range of movement

132
Q

What limits the wide range of movement of metacarpophalangeal joints?

A

Limited by ligaments

133
Q

What are the articulations between the phalanges called?

A

Interphalangeal joints

134
Q

What are the interphalangeal joints?

A

Synovial hinge joints capable of flexion and extension only

135
Q

Why are the interphalangeal joints only capable of flexion and extension?

A

Movements are limited by tough ligaments (particularly the collateral ligaments which are the ligaments connecting the phalanges at lateral medial sites)

136
Q

Label this diagram of finger joints

A
137
Q

What are limb muscles divided into?

A

Compartments

138
Q

What do compartments tend to have in common?

A

Distinct function

Same nerve and blood supply

Tend to be separated by connective tissue septae (walls)

139
Q

What set of muscles are involved in moving the arm and the shoulder?

A 
Pectoral Girdle (axioappendicular muscles) - act on both the axial and the appendicular skeleton
Intrinsic Shoulder Muscles (scapulohumeral muscles)
140
Q

What are scapulohumeral muscles?

A

Muscles mostly acting between scapula and humerus to move arm of the shoulder joint

141
Q
A
142
Q

4 rotator cuff muscles?

A

○ Teres Minor
○ Supraspinatus
○ Infraspinatus
○ Subscapularis (deep surface of
the scapula, not visible)

143
Q

Label the image

A
144
Q

What is the structure?

A

Scapula spine

145
Q

Label the image

A
146
Q

What is the structure?

A

Coracoid process

147
Q

Label the image

A
148
Q

Label the image

A

Anatomy (8 decks)

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