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Anatomy > UL extra > Flashcards

UL extra Flashcards

1
Q

What are the joints that make up the pectoral girdle?

A
  • clavicle and sternum (sterno-clavicular)
  • clavicle and scapular (acromio-clavicular)
  • scapula + humerus (gleno-humeral)
  • scapula + thoracic wall (scapulo-thoracic)
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2
Q

Label the image

A
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3
Q

Label this image

A
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4
Q

Label this image

A
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5
Q

What does the glenoid labrum do?

A

Deepens the glenoid fossa to stabilise the shoulder

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6
Q

What are the different muscle compartments of the shoulder?

A

Anterior pectoral girdle

Posterior pectoral girdle

Intrinsic shoulder muscles

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7
Q

What muscles are contained in the anterior pectoral girdle?

A

pectoralis major

pectoralis minor

subclavius

serratus anterior

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8
Q

what muscles are contained in the posterior pectoral girdle?

A

trapezius

levator scapulae

latissimus dorsi

rhomboid major

rhomboid minor

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9
Q

what are the intrinsic shoulder muscles?

A
  • deltoid
  • teres major
  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • teres minor
  • subscapularis
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10
Q

What are the two muscle groups that serve the shoulder region?

A
  • pectoral girdle
  • intrinsic shoulder muscles
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11
Q

What are the 4 surrounding ligaments that stabilise the glenohumeral joint?

A

glenohumeral ligaments

coracohumeral ligaments

transverse humeral ligaments

coracoacromial ligaments

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12
Q

What does the glenohumeral ligament do?

A

stabilises the anterior aspect of the joint and prevents it dislocating anteriorly

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13
Q

what does the coracohumeral ligament do?

A

attaches the coracoid process to the greater tubercle of humerus, supporting superior part of joint capsule

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14
Q

what does the transverse ligament do?

A

connects greater and lesser tubercles holding tendon of long head biceps brachia in place

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15
Q

what does the coracoacromial ligament do?

A

spans between acromion and coracoid prcoess forming coracoacromial arch

overlies shoulder joint and prevents superior displacement of humeral head

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16
Q

Label this image of ligaments

A
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17
Q

What is the pectoral region of the anterior chest wall?

A

contains 4 muscles that exert a force on the upper limb

pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior + subclavius

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18
Q

what is the pectoralis major muscle?

A

most superficial muscle in the pectoral region

large + fan shaped

has sternal head + clavicular head (sternal orginiates from anterior surface of the sternum, clavicle originates from the anterior surface of the medial clavicle)

distal attachment of both heads is into the intertubercular sulcus of humerus

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19
Q

Function of pectoralis major + innervation?

A

adducts + medially rotates the upper limb

draws scapula anteroinferiorly

clavicular head acts individually to flex upper limb

innervated by medial and lateral pectoral nerves

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20
Q

What is the pectoralis minor?

A

lies underneath the pectoralis major

both muscles form part of anterior wall of axilla region

originates from 3rd-5th ribs and inserts into coracoid process of scapula

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21
Q

function + innervation of pectoralis minor?

A

stabilises scapula by drawing it anteroinferiorly against thoracic wall

median pectoral nerve

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22
Q

what is the serratus anterior?

A

located more laterally in chest wall

consists of several strips -> originate from lateral aspects of ribs 1-8 and attach to costal surface of medial border of scapula

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23
Q

function + innervation of serratus anterior?

A

Rotates the scapula, allowing the arm to be raised over 90 degrees. It also holds the scapula against the ribcage.

long thoracic nerve

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24
Q

What is the subclavius muscle?

A

small muscle directly underneath the clavicle -> offers minor protection to underlying neurovascular structures

originates from junction of 1st rib and its costal cartilage -> inserts into inferior surface of middle third of the clavicle

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25
Q

function + innervation of subclavius?

A

anchors + depresses the clavicle

nerve to subclavius

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26
Q

What can the muscles of the shoulder group be divided into?

A

extrinsic (from torso + attach to bones of the shoulder e.g. clavicle, scapula + humerus)

intrinsic (originate from scapula and/or clavicle + attach to humerus)

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27
Q

What can the extrinsic muscles of the shoulder be divided into?

A
  • superficial (trapezius + latissimus dorsi)
  • deep (levator scapulae + rhomboid minor and major)
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28
Q

what is the trapezius?

A
  • broad, flat + triangular muscle
  • most superficial of all back muscles
  • originates from the skull, nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T12

fibres attach to clavicle, acromion and scapula spine

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29
Q

function + innervation of trapezius?

A

Motor innervation is from the accessory nerve. It also receives proprioceptor fibres from C3 and C4 spinal nerve

upper fibres of the trapezius elevate the scapula + rotates it during abduction of the arm.

middle fibres retract the scapula

lower fibres pull the scapula inferiorly

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30
Q

what is the latissimus dorsi?

A

originates from lower part of the back

has a broad origin - spinous processes of T7-T12, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia and the inferior three ribs

fibres converge into a tendon that attaches to the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus

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31
Q

function + innervation of latissimus dorsi?

A

extends, adducts + medially rotates the upper limb

thoracodorsal nerve

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32
Q

what is the levator scapulae?

A

small + strap like muscle

begins in the neck + attaches to scapula

originates from transverse process of C1-4 vertebrae and attaches to medial border of the scapula

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33
Q

function + innervation of levator scapulae?

A

elevates the scapula

dorsal scapular nerve

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34
Q

What is the rhomboid major?

A

originates from spinous process of T2-6 vertebrae

attaches to medial border of scapula, between scapula spine +inferior angle

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35
Q

function + innervation of rhomboid major

A

retracts + rotates the scapula

dorsal scapular nerve

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36
Q

what is the rhomboid minor muscle?

A

Originates from the spinous processes of C7-T1 vertebrae.

Attaches to the medial border of the scapula, at the level of the spine of scapula

superior to the rhomboid major

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37
Q

function + innervation of rhomboid minor?

A

dorsal scapular nerve

retracts + rotates the scapula

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38
Q

label the diagram

A
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39
Q

What are the 6 intrinsic muscles of the shoulder?

A

deltoid

teres major

4 rotator cuff group muscles (teres minor, supraspinatus, infraspinatus + subscapularis)

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40
Q

What is the deltoid muscle?

A

shaped like inverted triangle

can be divided into anterior, middle + posterior part

originates from lateral third of the clavicle, acromion + scapula spine

attaches to deltoid tuberosity on lateral aspect of humerus

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41
Q

What is the function + innervation of the deltoid muscle?

A

Anterior fibres – flexion and medial rotation.

Posterior fibres – extension and lateral rotation.

Middle fibres – the major abductor of the arm (takes over from the supraspinatus, which abducts the first 15 degrees).

axillary nerve

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42
Q

what is the teres major muscle?

A

Originates from the posterior surface of the inferior angle of the scapula

attaches to the medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus

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43
Q

function + innervation of teres major muscle?

A

Adducts and extends at the shoulder, and medially rotates the arm

lower subscapular nerve

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44
Q

what are the highlighted structures?

A

deltoid (orange)

teres major (yellow)

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45
Q

what are the rotator cuff group muscles?

A

4 muscles that originate from the scapula and attach to the humeral head

the resting tone of these muscles is to ‘pull’ the humeral head into the glenoid fossa

gives glenohumeral joint additional stability

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46
Q

what is the supraspinatus muscle?

A

Originates from the supraspinous fossa of the scapula

attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus

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47
Q

function + innervation of supraspinatus?

A

suprascapular nerve

abducts the arm 0-15 degrees + assists deltoid for 15-90 degrees

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48
Q

what is the infraspinatus muscle?

A

Originates from the infraspinous fossa of the scapula

attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus

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49
Q

function + innervation of infraspinatus muscle?

A

laterally rotates the arm

suprascapular nerve

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50
Q

what is the subscapularis muscle?

A

originates from subscapular fossa on costal surface of scapula

attaches to lesser tubercle of humerus

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51
Q

function + innervation of subscapularis muscle?

A

medially rotates the arm

upper + lower subscapular nerve

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52
Q

what is the teres minor muscle?

A

originates from the posterior surface of the scapula adjacent to its lateral border

attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus

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53
Q

function + innervation of teres minor muscle?

A

laterally rotates the arm

axillary nerve

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54
Q

label the diagram

A
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55
Q

label the diagram

A
56
Q

what can the muscles of the upper arm be divided into?

A
  • anterior compartment -> BBC
  • posterior compartment -> triceps brachii
57
Q

what are the three muscles in the anterior upper arm?

arterial supply for anterior compartment of upper arm?

A
  • Biceps, brachialis + coracobrachialis (bbc)

muscular branches of brachial artery

58
Q

what is the biceps brachii?

A
  • 2 headed muscle -> located majorly anteriorly to the humerus
  • long head originates from supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
  • short head originates from coracoid process of scapula
  • both heads insert distally into radial tubersoity + fascia of forearm via bicipital aponeurosis
59
Q

function + innervation of biceps brachii muscle?

A

supination in forearm + flexes arm at the elbow and at shoulder

musculocutaneous nerve

60
Q

name the highlighted muscle

A

biceps brachii

61
Q

what is the coracobrachialis muscle?

A

lies deep to biceps brachii in arm

originates from coracoid process of scapula -> muscle passes through axilla + attaches to medial side of humeral shaft at level of deltoid tubercle

62
Q

function + innervation of coracobrachialis

A

flexion of arm at the shoulder + weak adduction

musculocutaneous nerve

63
Q

what is the brachialis muscle?

A

lies deep to the biceps brachii

found more distally than the other arm muscles

forms floor of cubital fossa

Originates from the medial and lateral surfaces of the humeral shaft and inserts into the ulnar tuberosity, just distal to the elbow joint.

64
Q

function + innervation of brachialis muscle?

A

flexion at elbow

musculocutaneous nerve + contributions from radial nerve

65
Q
A
66
Q

what artery supples the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

profunda brachii artery

67
Q

what is the triceps brachii?

A

long head -> originates from infraglenoid tubercle

lateral head -> originates from humerus, superior to radial groove

medial head originates from humerus, inferior to radial groove

the heads converge distally into one tendon + attach at olecranon of ulna

68
Q

function + extension of the triceps brachii?

A

extension of arm at the elbow

radial nerve

69
Q

label this diagram

A
70
Q
A
71
Q

label the image

A
72
Q

what happens when the biceps tendon enters the forearm?

A

connective tissue sheet is given off -> bicipital aponeurosis

forms the roof of cubital fossa + blends with deep fascia of anterior forearm

73
Q

what runs through the highlighted struture?

A

long head of biceps brachii tendon

74
Q

What is the anterior compartment of the forearm split into?

A

superficial

intermediate

deep

75
Q

generally, what do the muscles in anterior compartment of forearm perform?

A

flexion at wrist + fingers and pronation

76
Q

what are the superficial muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • pronator teres
77
Q

where do all the muscles in the superficial anterior compartment of the forearm arise from?

A

a common tendon -> arises from medial epicondyle of humerus

78
Q

what is the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

originates from the medial epicondyle with the other superficial flexors

has long origin from the ulna + passes into wrist and attaches to pisiform carpal bone

79
Q

what is the highlighted structure?

A
80
Q

function + innervation of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

flexion + adduction at wrist

ulnar nerve

81
Q
A
82
Q

what is the palmaris longus?

A

originates from the medial epicondyle + attaches to flexor retinaculum at wrist

83
Q

function + innervation of palmaris longus?

A

flexion at wrist

median nerve

84
Q

what can you see if you reflect back palmaris longus just distal to wrist?

A

median nerve immediately underneath

85
Q

what is the flexor carpi radialis?

A

originates from medial epicondyle + attaches to base of metacarpals II and III

86
Q

function + innervation of flexor carpi radialis?

A

flexion + abduction at wrist

median nerve

87
Q

what is the pronator teres?

A

lateral border of the pronator teres forms the medial border of the cubital fossa, an anatomical triangle located over the elbow.

two origins -> one from the medial epicondyle

other from the coronoid process of the ulna

It attaches laterally to the mid-shaft of the radius.

88
Q

function + innervation of pronator teres?

A

pronation of forearm

median nerve

89
Q
A
90
Q

what muscle is in the intermediate compartment of the anterior forearm?

A

flexor digitorum superficialis (in between deep and superficial muscle layers)

91
Q

why is the flexor digitorum superficialis a good landmark in the forearm?

A

the median nerve and ulnar artery pass between its two heads, and then travel posteriorly

92
Q

what is the flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

has two heads – one originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, the other from the radius

muscle splits into four tendons at the wrist, which travel through the carpal tunnel, and attaches to the middle phalanges of the four fingers.

93
Q

function + innervation of flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

flexes the metacarpophalangeal joints + proximal interphalangeal joints at the 4 fingers

flexes at the wrist

median nerve

94
Q
A

flexor digitorum superficialis

95
Q

what are the 3 muscles in the deep anterior forearm?

A

flexor digitorum profundus

flexor pollicis longus

pronator quadratus

96
Q

what is the flexor digitorum profundus?

A

originates from the ulna + associated interosseous membrane

splits into 4 tendons at wrist + pass through carpal tunnel and attach to distal phalanges of 4 fingers

97
Q

function + innervation of flexor digitorum profundus?

A

only muscle that can flex the distal interphalangeal joints of the fingers

also flexes at metacarpophalangeal joints and at the wrist

medial half (ring + little finger) = ulnar nerve

lateral half (middle + index finger) = innevrated by anterior interosseous branch of median nerve

98
Q

what is the flexor pollicis longus?

A

lies laterally to flexor digitorum profundus

Originates from the anterior surface of the radius and surrounding interosseous membrane

Attaches to the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb.

99
Q

function + innervation of flexor pollicis longus?

A

Flexes the interphalangeal joint and metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb

median nerve (anterior interosseous branch)

100
Q

what is the pronator quadratus?

A

square shaped muscle found deep to tendons of flexor digitorum profundus + flexor pollicis longus

originates from anterior surface of ulna + attaches to anterior surface of radius

101
Q

function + innervation of pronator quadratus?

A

pronates forearm

median nerve (anterior interosseous branch)

102
Q
A
103
Q

label

A
104
Q

label

A
105
Q

label

A
106
Q

what are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm commonly known as and what is their general function?

A

extensor muscles

produce extension at wrist + fingers

107
Q

what are all the muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm innervated by?

A

radial nerve

108
Q

what are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm divided into?

A

deep

superficial

separated by layer of fascia

109
Q

how many muscles are there in the superficial layer of the posterior forearm + what are they?

A

there are 7 muscles:

extensor carpi radialis brevis

extensor digitorum

extensor carpi ulnaris

extensor digiti minimi

(all share a common tendinous origin at the lateral epicondyle)

brachioradialis

extensor carpi longus

anconeus

110
Q

what is the brachioradialis muscle?

A

origin and innervation are characteristic of an extensor muscle, but it is actually a flexor at the elbow

muscle is most visible when the forearm is half pronated

distal forearm, the radial artery and nerve are sandwiched between the brachioradialis and the deep flexor muscles

originates from proximal aspect of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus + attaches to distal end of radius (before radial styloid process)

111
Q

function + innervation of brachioradialis?

A

flexion at elbow

radial nerve

112
Q

where are the extensor carpi radialis muscles situated?

A

lateral aspect of wrist

produce abduction as well as extension at wrist

113
Q

where does the extensor carpi radialis longus originate from?

A

supracondylar ridge

tendons attach to metacarpal bones II and III

114
Q

where does the extensor carpi radialis brevis originate from?

A

the lateral epicondyle

tendons attach to metacarpal bones II and III

115
Q

function + innervation of the extensor carpi radialis muscles?

A

extends + abducts wrist

radial nerve

116
Q

what is the extensor digitorum communis?

A

main extensor of the fingers

originates from lateral epicondyle

tendon continues into distal part of the forearm where it splits into 4 + inserts into extensor hood of each finger

117
Q

function + innervation of extensor digitorum communis?

A

extends medial four fingers at MCP and IP joints

radial nerve (Deep branch)

118
Q

what is the extensor digiti minimi?

A

medially to extensor digitorum

originates from lateral epicondyle of humerus

attaches with extensor digitorum tendon into extensor hood of little finger

119
Q

function + innervation of extensor digiti minimi?

A

extends the little finger + contributes to extension at wrist

120
Q

what is the extensor carpi ulnaris?

A

located on medial aspect of posterior forearm

originates from lateral epicondyle of humerus + attaches to base of metacarpal V

121
Q

function + innervation of extensor carpi ulnaris?

A

extension + adduction of wrist

radial nerve (deep branch)

122
Q

what is the anconeus?

A

situated medially + superiorly in extensor compartment of forearm

blends with fibres of triceps brachiii (2 muscles hard to distinguish)

originates from lateral epicondyle -> attaches to the posterior + lateral part of olecranon

123
Q

function + innervation of anconeus?

A

extends + stabilises elbow joint

abducts ulna during pronation of forearm

radial nerve

124
Q

what are the 5 deep muscles of the posterior forearm?

A

supinator

abductor pollicis longus

extensor pollicis brevis

extensor pollicis longus

extensor indicis

125
Q

what is the supinator muscle?

A

lies in the floor of the cubital fossa

has two heads, which the deep branch of the radial nerve passes between

has two heads of origin -> one originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

other from the posterior surface of the ulna -> they insert together into the posterior surface of the radius.

126
Q

function + innervation of supinator muscle?

A

supinates forearm

radial nerve (deep branch)

127
Q

what is the abductor pollicis longus?

A

situated immediately distal to supinator muscle

tendon contributes to lateral border of anatomical snuffbox

originates from interosseous membrane + adjacent posterior surfaces of radius and ulna

attaches to lateral side of metacarpal I

128
Q

function + innervation of abductor pollicis longus?

A

abducts the thumb

radial nerve (posterior interosseous branch)

129
Q

what is the extensor pollicis brevis?

A

found medially + deep to abductor pollicis longus

in the hand, its tendon contributes to the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox

originates from posterior surface of radius + interosseous membrane

attaches to base of proximal phalanx of thumb

130
Q

function + innervation of extensor pollicis brevis?

A

Extends at the metacarpophalangeal and carpometacarpal joints of the thumb.

Radial nerve (posterior interosseous branch).

131
Q

what is the extensor pollicis longus?

A

larger muscle belly than the EPB

its tendon travels medially to the dorsal tubercle at the wrist, using the tubercle as a ‘pulley’ to increase the force exerted

tendon of EPL forms medial border of snuffbox in hand

originates from posterior surface of the ulna + interosseous membrane

attaches to distal phalanx of thumb

132
Q

function + innervation of extensor pollicis longus?

A

Extends all joints of the thumb: carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal.

Radial nerve (posterior interosseous branch).

133
Q

what is the extensor indicis proprius?

A

muscle allows the index finger to be independent of the other fingers during extension.

originates from the posterior surface of the ulna and interosseous membrane, distal to the extensor pollicis longus.

attaches to the extensor hood of the index finger.

134
Q

function + innervation of extensor indicis proprius?

A

extends index finger

radial nerve (posterior interosseous branch)

135
Q
A
136
Q
A

Anatomy (8 decks)

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