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LaSx Final > Upper GIT/Lameness in Cattle/Head and Respiratory Sx > Flashcards

Upper GIT/Lameness in Cattle/Head and Respiratory Sx Flashcards

1
Q

What would you suspect if you are called to a farm to evaluate a cow that is bloating, excessive salivation, coughing/retching, head & neck extended with a protruding tongue?

A

Esophageal choke

DDx: Pharyngeal trauma or Rabies

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2
Q

What type of bloat is associated with esophageal choke?

A

Type I vagal indigestion-failure to eructate

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3
Q

What are two common complications associated with esophageal choke?

A 
Bloat (Type I vagal indigestion)
Metabolic acidosis (excessive loss of saliva-which means loss of HCO3)
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4
Q

What is the most preferred treatment of esophageal choke?

A

Medical management- sedation, Buscopan, lidocaine and decompress rumen (Red Devil Trochar)

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5
Q

What is the sx option for esophageal choke if all medical options have been exhausted?

A

Esophagotomy

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6
Q

Why is it not optimal to perform surgery on the esophagus?

A

There is no serosal covering, constant movement/tension on suture line, doesn’t heal well.

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7
Q

What are the muscular layers of the esophagus?

A

Adventitial layer
Muscular layer
Submucosa
Mucosa

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8
Q

What are the associated structures of the esophagus?

A 
Recurrent laryngeal n.
Carotid sheath
Vagosympathetic trunk
Tracheal Lymphatic trunk
Deep cervical LN
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9
Q

What layers of the esophagus provide tensile strength?

A

Mucosa & Submucosa layers

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10
Q

What is the difference in closure of a cervical esophagotomy when there is healthy vs. unhealthy skin?

A

Healthy: close immediately
Unhealthy: close via secondary intention

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11
Q

Where are knots buried in when closing a esophagotomy?

A

In the lumen to minimize exposure

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12
Q

What type of tube is used for a esophagostomy?

A

Polyethylene NG tube (caudal to repaired esophagus)

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13
Q

How long should the tube be left in post-esophagostomy?

A

7-10 days minimum to allow stoma formation

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14
Q

What provides immediate relief of chronic bloat?

A

Temporary rumen fistula

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15
Q

Where is a temporary rumen fistula performed anatomically?

A

L paralumbar fossa

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16
Q

How much of the rumen needs to be sticking out of the skin?

A

1 inch of the rumen

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17
Q

What are the four indications for a rumenotomy?

A

Chronic bloat
Foreign body
Reticular abscess
Type II vagal indigestion

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18
Q

If the foreign body doesn’t penetrate the thoracic cavity or involve the R side of the reticulum, what prognosis is indicated post-rumenotomy?

A

Good

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19
Q

If the foreign body involves the R side of the reticulum, what prognosis is indicated post-rumenotomy?

A

Guarded

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20
Q

If the foreign body penetrated the diaphragm, what prognosis is indicated post-rumenotomy?

A

Poor

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21
Q

What are the cardinal CS of traumatic reticulopericarditis?

A

Washing machine murmur, muffled heart sounds, tachypnea, tachycardia, R-sided heart failure (distended jugular, brisket edema)

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22
Q

What is the treatment for hardware disease?

A

Oxytetracycline, PPG

IF pericarditis is present: Pericardial aspiration –> pericardectomy, rib resection, FB removal

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23
Q

What is the usual cause of death associated with hardware disease?

A

Constrictive pericarditis

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24
Q

How can hardware disease be prevented?

A

Rumen magnet

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25
What are the four DDx for R-sided heart failure?
Traumatic reticulopericarditis Endocarditis Lymphosarcoma Mediastinal Mass
26
What are the causes of acquired cleft palate?
Poison hemlock | Nicotiana spp
27
What signs may you notice in a calf/cow with a cleft palate?
Regurgitation of milk | Aspiration
28
What is the tx for cleft palate?
``` Sx repair (usually need multiple to fix this) Place a NG tube and muzzle/nose ring to prevent cross suckling ```
29
How are tongue lacerations tx?
Sx resection with an oblique incision bringing the edges together with mattress suture
30
How are jaw fractures treated?
Cerclage wire
31
What group of bovine do you most commonly see granuloma & necrotic vocal cords?
Yearling bulls
32
What is the tx for granuloma/necrotic vocal cords?
Temporary tracheostomy tube
33
Where is the incision made for a temporary tracheostomy tube?
This is an EMERGENCY | Incise at junction of cranial and middle 1/3 of neck, incise annular ligament
34
What is the maximum percentage of the trachea that can be transected?
No more than 50% should be transected (prevents stricture formation)
35
What is the treatment for arytenoid chondritis?
Sodium iodide
36
What is the tx for Lumpy Jaw?
Sx resection of the bone masses
37
What structures are involved with dehorning?
Cornual a. and n.
38
What is the cornual artery a branch of?
Superficial temporal artery
39
What is the cornual nerve a branch of?
zygomaticotemporal n.
40
What is the withdraw period for meat in association with meloxicam?
21 days
41
What are the dehorning methods used in younger calves with no sinus openings?
Chemical or thermal dehorning (<1 week old)
42
What is the dehorning method used in an animal <8 wks old?
Tube dehorning
43
What is the dehorning method used in an animal that is 3 months-year?
Scoop dehorning
44
How much of the haired skin at the base of the horn should be removed when dehorning to prevent regrowth?
1 cm
45
What is disbudding and when is it done?
Disbudding is dehorning in small ruminants Buck: 3-5 days Doe: 5-7 days
46
What type of incision is made with cosmetic dehorning?
elliptical incision
47
What are the main complications associated with dehorning?
Hemorrhage, infection/sinusitis
48
What time of the year should dehorning be avoided?
During fly season you should avoid dehorning animals- reduces the risk of infection
49
What is sinusitus most commonly a result from?
Dehorning
50
What bacteria is associated with dehorning vs. nothing to do with dehorning in relation to sinusitus?
Dehorning: Truperella pyogens | No association: Pasteurella multocida
51
What is the most common sinus cavity affected by sinusitus?
Frontal cavity (this cavity extends into horns at 4-6 months of age)
52
What are some CS of sinusitus?
Nasal/horn discharge, facial distortion, halitosis, dull sinus percussion
53
What is the tx for sinusitus?
Drainage/Lavage (trephine holes or bone flap)
54
What are most lameness cases due to in cattle?
Foot problems
55
Why do cattle have less complications with lameness?
They have two toes so they can shift the weight to the other toe
56
Which digit should a wooden/plastic block be placed on when treating lameness?
Block should be placed on the good toe | Flush with the axial wall and extending to the heel
57
How long should the toe block be left on for?
4-6 weeks
58
What type of cattle are vertical fissures/sandcracks seen in and what claw is commonly affected?
Older beef cattle w/ high BCS | Front lateral claw
59
What is damaged when there is a sandcrack on the claw and where is the pain seen?
Damage to periople (outer layer of upper hoof wall) | Painful right at the coronary band
60
What is seen if there is infection or excessive movement?
Infection --> lameness | Excessive movement --> proud flesh
61
What is the tx for sandcrack?
Debride crack and open tract to allow drainage
62
T/F: Males more commonly get interdigital hyperplasia/corns?
True
63
What is interdigital hyperplasia?
Chronic irritation due to fibrous mass between digits
64
What is the tx for interdigital hyperplasia?
Resection and bandage (heal by 2nd intention)
65
What are some preventative methods for interdigital hyperplasia?
Improve hygiene, hoof trimming, breed it out
66
What is it called when the solar surface of a claw faces axially causing the cow to weightbear on the abaxial wall?
Corkscrew claw
67
Which claw most commonly gets corkscrew claw?
Lateral claw of hind limb
68
What is the treatment of corkscrew claw?
Trim and slope hoof
69
T/F: Exposure of the corium on the WB surface is common?
TRUE
70
What is deep digital sepsis caused by?
Severe trauma or ascending infection
71
What is the tx for deep digital sepsis?
Digit amputation, facilitate ankylosis of coffin joint
72
What are the CS of a cow with stifle injury?
``` Short stride Limited flexion of stifle Walking on toes with heels elevated Leg held in abduction Little weight beared ```
73
What stifle injury causes joint laxity?
Cranial cruciate injury
74
What collateral ligament of the stifle is more commonly injured?
Medial
75
What is the treatment for collateral ligament injury?
Imbrication
76
What is septic arthritis of the coffin joint caused by?
Extension of solar abscess
77
What structures are involved with septic arthritis of the coffin joint?
P3, P2, navicular bone & bursa, DDFT & Sheath, interphalangeal joint
78
What are the radiographic signs of septic arthritis?
Periosteal reaction Asymmetric swelling of soft tissues Bone lysis
79
What is the tx of septic arthritis?
lavage/antibiotics digit amputation facilitated ankylosis cull
80
When is digit amputation performed?
Treat injury or sepsis distal to P1
81
When are the post-op amputation prognosis rates increased?
When performed on lateral forelimb digit or medial hindlimb digit Decreased BW helps
82
What is facilitated ankylosis?
Removal of infected articular cartilage & bone with curette, lavage and immobilize

LaSx Final (5 decks)

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