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LaSx Final > Upper GIT/Lameness in Cattle/Head and Respiratory Sx > Flashcards

Upper GIT/Lameness in Cattle/Head and Respiratory Sx Flashcards

1
Q

What would you suspect if you are called to a farm to evaluate a cow that is bloating, excessive salivation, coughing/retching, head & neck extended with a protruding tongue?

A

Esophageal choke

DDx: Pharyngeal trauma or Rabies

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2
Q

What type of bloat is associated with esophageal choke?

A

Type I vagal indigestion-failure to eructate

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3
Q

What are two common complications associated with esophageal choke?

A 
Bloat (Type I vagal indigestion)
Metabolic acidosis (excessive loss of saliva-which means loss of HCO3)
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4
Q

What is the most preferred treatment of esophageal choke?

A

Medical management- sedation, Buscopan, lidocaine and decompress rumen (Red Devil Trochar)

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5
Q

What is the sx option for esophageal choke if all medical options have been exhausted?

A

Esophagotomy

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6
Q

Why is it not optimal to perform surgery on the esophagus?

A

There is no serosal covering, constant movement/tension on suture line, doesn’t heal well.

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7
Q

What are the muscular layers of the esophagus?

A

Adventitial layer
Muscular layer
Submucosa
Mucosa

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8
Q

What are the associated structures of the esophagus?

A 
Recurrent laryngeal n.
Carotid sheath
Vagosympathetic trunk
Tracheal Lymphatic trunk
Deep cervical LN
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9
Q

What layers of the esophagus provide tensile strength?

A

Mucosa & Submucosa layers

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10
Q

What is the difference in closure of a cervical esophagotomy when there is healthy vs. unhealthy skin?

A

Healthy: close immediately
Unhealthy: close via secondary intention

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11
Q

Where are knots buried in when closing a esophagotomy?

A

In the lumen to minimize exposure

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12
Q

What type of tube is used for a esophagostomy?

A

Polyethylene NG tube (caudal to repaired esophagus)

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13
Q

How long should the tube be left in post-esophagostomy?

A

7-10 days minimum to allow stoma formation

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14
Q

What provides immediate relief of chronic bloat?

A

Temporary rumen fistula

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15
Q

Where is a temporary rumen fistula performed anatomically?

A

L paralumbar fossa

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16
Q

How much of the rumen needs to be sticking out of the skin?

A

1 inch of the rumen

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17
Q

What are the four indications for a rumenotomy?

A

Chronic bloat
Foreign body
Reticular abscess
Type II vagal indigestion

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18
Q

If the foreign body doesn’t penetrate the thoracic cavity or involve the R side of the reticulum, what prognosis is indicated post-rumenotomy?

A

Good

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19
Q

If the foreign body involves the R side of the reticulum, what prognosis is indicated post-rumenotomy?

A

Guarded

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20
Q

If the foreign body penetrated the diaphragm, what prognosis is indicated post-rumenotomy?

A

Poor

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21
Q

What are the cardinal CS of traumatic reticulopericarditis?

A

Washing machine murmur, muffled heart sounds, tachypnea, tachycardia, R-sided heart failure (distended jugular, brisket edema)

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22
Q

What is the treatment for hardware disease?

A

Oxytetracycline, PPG

IF pericarditis is present: Pericardial aspiration –> pericardectomy, rib resection, FB removal

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23
Q

What is the usual cause of death associated with hardware disease?

A

Constrictive pericarditis

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24
Q

How can hardware disease be prevented?

A

Rumen magnet

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25
Q

What are the four DDx for R-sided heart failure?

A

Traumatic reticulopericarditis
Endocarditis
Lymphosarcoma
Mediastinal Mass

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26
Q

What are the causes of acquired cleft palate?

A

Poison hemlock

Nicotiana spp

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27
Q

What signs may you notice in a calf/cow with a cleft palate?

A

Regurgitation of milk

Aspiration

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28
Q

What is the tx for cleft palate?

A 
Sx repair (usually need multiple to fix this)
Place a NG tube and muzzle/nose ring to prevent cross suckling
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29
Q

How are tongue lacerations tx?

A

Sx resection with an oblique incision bringing the edges together with mattress suture

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30
Q

How are jaw fractures treated?

A

Cerclage wire

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31
Q

What group of bovine do you most commonly see granuloma & necrotic vocal cords?

A

Yearling bulls

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32
Q

What is the tx for granuloma/necrotic vocal cords?

A

Temporary tracheostomy tube

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33
Q

Where is the incision made for a temporary tracheostomy tube?

A

This is an EMERGENCY

Incise at junction of cranial and middle 1/3 of neck, incise annular ligament

34
Q

What is the maximum percentage of the trachea that can be transected?

A

No more than 50% should be transected (prevents stricture formation)

35
Q

What is the treatment for arytenoid chondritis?

A

Sodium iodide

36
Q

What is the tx for Lumpy Jaw?

A

Sx resection of the bone masses

37
Q

What structures are involved with dehorning?

A

Cornual a. and n.

38
Q

What is the cornual artery a branch of?

A

Superficial temporal artery

39
Q

What is the cornual nerve a branch of?

A

zygomaticotemporal n.

40
Q

What is the withdraw period for meat in association with meloxicam?

A

21 days

41
Q

What are the dehorning methods used in younger calves with no sinus openings?

A

Chemical or thermal dehorning (<1 week old)

42
Q

What is the dehorning method used in an animal <8 wks old?

A

Tube dehorning

43
Q

What is the dehorning method used in an animal that is 3 months-year?

A

Scoop dehorning

44
Q

How much of the haired skin at the base of the horn should be removed when dehorning to prevent regrowth?

A

1 cm

45
Q

What is disbudding and when is it done?

A

Disbudding is dehorning in small ruminants
Buck: 3-5 days
Doe: 5-7 days

46
Q

What type of incision is made with cosmetic dehorning?

A

elliptical incision

47
Q

What are the main complications associated with dehorning?

A

Hemorrhage, infection/sinusitis

48
Q

What time of the year should dehorning be avoided?

A

During fly season you should avoid dehorning animals- reduces the risk of infection

49
Q

What is sinusitus most commonly a result from?

A

Dehorning

50
Q

What bacteria is associated with dehorning vs. nothing to do with dehorning in relation to sinusitus?

A

Dehorning: Truperella pyogens

No association: Pasteurella multocida

51
Q

What is the most common sinus cavity affected by sinusitus?

A

Frontal cavity (this cavity extends into horns at 4-6 months of age)

52
Q

What are some CS of sinusitus?

A

Nasal/horn discharge, facial distortion, halitosis, dull sinus percussion

53
Q

What is the tx for sinusitus?

A

Drainage/Lavage (trephine holes or bone flap)

54
Q

What are most lameness cases due to in cattle?

A

Foot problems

55
Q

Why do cattle have less complications with lameness?

A

They have two toes so they can shift the weight to the other toe

56
Q

Which digit should a wooden/plastic block be placed on when treating lameness?

A

Block should be placed on the good toe

Flush with the axial wall and extending to the heel

57
Q

How long should the toe block be left on for?

A

4-6 weeks

58
Q

What type of cattle are vertical fissures/sandcracks seen in and what claw is commonly affected?

A

Older beef cattle w/ high BCS

Front lateral claw

59
Q

What is damaged when there is a sandcrack on the claw and where is the pain seen?

A

Damage to periople (outer layer of upper hoof wall)

Painful right at the coronary band

60
Q

What is seen if there is infection or excessive movement?

A

Infection –> lameness

Excessive movement –> proud flesh

61
Q

What is the tx for sandcrack?

A

Debride crack and open tract to allow drainage

62
Q

T/F: Males more commonly get interdigital hyperplasia/corns?

A

True

63
Q

What is interdigital hyperplasia?

A

Chronic irritation due to fibrous mass between digits

64
Q

What is the tx for interdigital hyperplasia?

A

Resection and bandage (heal by 2nd intention)

65
Q

What are some preventative methods for interdigital hyperplasia?

A

Improve hygiene, hoof trimming, breed it out

66
Q

What is it called when the solar surface of a claw faces axially causing the cow to weightbear on the abaxial wall?

A

Corkscrew claw

67
Q

Which claw most commonly gets corkscrew claw?

A

Lateral claw of hind limb

68
Q

What is the treatment of corkscrew claw?

A

Trim and slope hoof

69
Q

T/F: Exposure of the corium on the WB surface is common?

A

TRUE

70
Q

What is deep digital sepsis caused by?

A

Severe trauma or ascending infection

71
Q

What is the tx for deep digital sepsis?

A

Digit amputation, facilitate ankylosis of coffin joint

72
Q

What are the CS of a cow with stifle injury?

A 
Short stride
Limited flexion of stifle
Walking on toes with heels elevated
Leg held in abduction
Little weight beared
73
Q

What stifle injury causes joint laxity?

A

Cranial cruciate injury

74
Q

What collateral ligament of the stifle is more commonly injured?

A

Medial

75
Q

What is the treatment for collateral ligament injury?

A

Imbrication

76
Q

What is septic arthritis of the coffin joint caused by?

A

Extension of solar abscess

77
Q

What structures are involved with septic arthritis of the coffin joint?

A

P3, P2, navicular bone & bursa, DDFT & Sheath, interphalangeal joint

78
Q

What are the radiographic signs of septic arthritis?

A

Periosteal reaction
Asymmetric swelling of soft tissues
Bone lysis

79
Q

What is the tx of septic arthritis?

A

lavage/antibiotics
digit amputation
facilitated ankylosis
cull

80
Q

When is digit amputation performed?

A

Treat injury or sepsis distal to P1

81
Q

When are the post-op amputation prognosis rates increased?

A

When performed on lateral forelimb digit or medial hindlimb digit
Decreased BW helps

82
Q

What is facilitated ankylosis?

A

Removal of infected articular cartilage & bone with curette, lavage and immobilize

LaSx Final (5 decks)

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