Dental/Respiratory Sx Flashcards
What is the dental formula in equine?
I: 3/3
C: 1/1
P: 3/3
M: 3/3
Which arcade is wider- maxilla or mandibular arcade?
Maxilla is wider than mandibular arcade
What is the upward sloping of the caudal cheek teeth called that is accentuated in older horses?
Curve of spee
What is the medical term for parrot mouth?
Brachygnathia
T/F: Foals are born with premolars and incisors
FALSE
Foals are born with premolars…NOT incisors
What ages do the incisors erupt in foals?
1st: 6d
2nd: 6 weeks
3rd: 6 months
What ages do the molars erupt in foals?
1st: 1 year
2nd: 2 year
3rd: 3 year
What age do incisors erupt in adults?
1st: 2.5 years
2nd: 3.5 years
3rd: 4.5 years
How many months does it take for the teeth to grow and allow attrition?
5-6 months
What is the depth of the cups on the incisors and each year how many mm are worn down?
6 mm cups on incisors
2 mm are worn down each year
When do cups disappear from adult incisors?
1st: 6 years
2nd: 7 years
3rd: 8 years
Where are enamel points on the maxillary vs. mandibular side and what can these cause?
Maxillary: buccal
Mandibular: lingual
Can lead to ulcers
Where are the hooks and ramps located in the equine mouth?
Hooks: 2nd maxillary premolar
Ramps: 3rd mandibular molar
What is the common name for the premolar 1?
Wolf teeth- more commonly found on the mandibular surface
What are eruption cysts associated with?
Eruption of permanent premolars
If the cheek tooth is removed, how often do dental exams need to be performed?
Every 6 months- opposite tooth is no longer wearing down properly
What are bumps?
around 3 years of age there is presence of caps/retained premolars & permanent premolars are trapped/can’t erupt
How do you treat bumps?
Screwdriver- pry caps off
_____ _____ is a congenital anomaly causing swelling at the base of the ear with dental remnants inside.
Dentigerous cysts
What are epidermal inclusion cysts treated with?
Aspiration or surgical removal
What noise is caused by redundant alar folds?
Expiratory noise
How do you treat redundant alar folds?
Large temporary mattress suture or sx (split nostril and resect fold)
What is it called when a foal has a nose bent to the side?
Wry nose- causes stridor, discharge and facial distortion
What are CS of progressive ethmoid hematoma?
Bilateral epistaxis
Serosanguineous nasal exudate
Stridor
What radiographic views should be taken for progressive ethmoid hematoma dx?
Lateral view rads
What is the definitive diagnosis for ethmoid hematoma?
Histopathology- central hemosiderin filled macrophages
How is an ethmoid hematoma treated?
Trephination through frontal sinus and removal of ethmoid
Intralesional formalin injection (4%)
What prognosis is seen with long term hematomas?
Guarded –> poor prognosis
T/F: There are no reports of hematomas in SB horses?
TRUE
What is the most important post op complication with ethmoid hematoma surgery?
Respiratory distress
How often should you repeat exams after surgery is performed to check for recurrence?
Every 3-6 months for 5 years
What is the primary and secondary cause of sinusitis in equine?
Primary: Upper respiratory tract infection
Secondary: dental disease, facial fractures, cysts, neoplasia
What are CS of sinusitis?
Nasal discharge, coughing and facial deformity
What is the tx for sinusitis?
Maxillary sinusotomy via trephination or bone flap
What are your landmarks for a maxillary sinusotomy via trephination?
Medial canthus of eye & cranial edge of facial crest (draw imaginary line) and then create the trephine hole 1 cm dorsal to the middle of the line
What is the term for when horses grasp onto a fence with incisors and contract ventral neck muscles and swallow air?
Cribbing/windsuckers
What can cribbing lead to?
Colic, abnormal wear of teeth and weight loss
What is an option for non-sx tx of cribbing?
Cribbing straps
What is the sx tx for cribbing?
Myoectomy (sternothyrohyoideus and omohyoideus)
Remove length of 10 tracheal rings
What are two structures to be careful of when performing a myoectomy sx?
Thyroid gland and external jugular vein
What is unilateral paralysis of the cricoarytenoidus dorsalis muscle also known as?
Idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia (roaring)
What is the nerve that is associated with roaring?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Which side is most commonly seen to have laryngeal hemiplegia?
Left
What test can be performed to evaluate recurrent laryngeal n. and portions of the spinal cord?
Slap test
What do you see in grades 1-4 for unilateral laryngeal hemiplegia?
Grade 1: normal (full abduction of L&R)
Grade 2: asynchronous abduction but full abduction can be achieved
Grade 3: asymmetry at rest w/ some movement but full abduction cannot be achieved
Grade 4: asymmetry at rest & no movement
What are the sx treatment options for idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia?
Laryngoplasty/tieback
Ventriculectomy
Reinnervation of cricoarytenoid m. (rare)
What are complications of the tie back procedure?
Prosthesis failure, loss of abduction, seroma, cough, dysphagia
What are some complications associated with the ventriculectomy?
Granuloma, mucocele, laryngeal web
What does a total arytenoidectomy remove and what is it a tx for?
Remove arytenoid body, corniculate & muscular process
Tx for arytenoid chondritis
What does a partial arytenoidectomy remove?
Preferred method- 50% RTR
Remove arytenoid body and corniculate process
What is the condition called when a horse is seen “choking up”?
Dorsal displacement of the soft palate
What are some non-sx tx options for DDSP?
NSAIDs, tongue tie during racing, larygngohyoid support device
What are some sx tx for DDSP?
Staphylectomy, myectomy, epiglottic augumentation, tie-forward
How does the laryngeal tie forward procedure work?
Suture between basihyoid bone and thyroid cartilage and it mimics the thyrohyodieus muscle by pulling larynx cranially
What is epiglottic entrapment commonly caused by?
Too many folds in mucosa below epiglottis
What can tympany be caused by?
Upper airway infection
Persistent coughing
Muscle dysfunction
Idiopathic
What age is tympany commonly seen in?
Foals
T/F: Tympany is a non-painful disorder that can have dyspnea, dysphagia, inhalation pneumonia and secondary empyema
TRUE
What is the treatment tympany?
Needle aspiration
Indwelling catheter
Sx
What are the sx approaches to tympany tx?
Hyovertebrotomy
Viborg’s triangle
Whitehouse
Modified whitehouse
Which sx tx for tympany has no ventral drainage?
Hyovertebrotomy
What makes up the viborg’s triangle?
Sternomandibular m.
Lingofacial v.
Caudal border of vertical mandibular ramus
What is the main difference of empyema and tympany?
Empyema is a build up of infectious material and possibly chondroids
What is the common presentation of a horse with guttural pouch mycosis?
Older horses with intermittent epistaxis
Which artery is most likely to have retrograde flow of fungus to carotid or maxillary artery?
Major palatine a.
What is the most common post-op problem associated with guttural pouch mycosis?
Dysphagia (damage of pharyngeal branches of vagus & glossopharyngeal n.)
How is guttural pouch mycosis dx?
Endoscope (once bleeding has stopped)
What are the tx options for guttural pouch mycosis?
Arterial ligation or balloon catheter occlusion of internal, external or common carotid a.
What is the main goal in the sx treatment of guttural pouch mycosis?
Cut off blood supply to the fungus –> no O2 supply –> kills fungus
What is a potential side effect of balloon catheter occlusion?
Blindness
What are the two organisms seen with guttural pouch mycosis?
E. nidulans
A. fumigatus
