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LaSx Final > Dental/Respiratory Sx > Flashcards

Dental/Respiratory Sx Flashcards

1
Q

What is the dental formula in equine?

A

I: 3/3
C: 1/1
P: 3/3
M: 3/3

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2
Q

Which arcade is wider- maxilla or mandibular arcade?

A

Maxilla is wider than mandibular arcade

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3
Q

What is the upward sloping of the caudal cheek teeth called that is accentuated in older horses?

A

Curve of spee

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4
Q

What is the medical term for parrot mouth?

A

Brachygnathia

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5
Q

T/F: Foals are born with premolars and incisors

A

FALSE

Foals are born with premolars…NOT incisors

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6
Q

What ages do the incisors erupt in foals?

A

1st: 6d
2nd: 6 weeks
3rd: 6 months

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7
Q

What ages do the molars erupt in foals?

A

1st: 1 year
2nd: 2 year
3rd: 3 year

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8
Q

What age do incisors erupt in adults?

A

1st: 2.5 years
2nd: 3.5 years
3rd: 4.5 years

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9
Q

How many months does it take for the teeth to grow and allow attrition?

A

5-6 months

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10
Q

What is the depth of the cups on the incisors and each year how many mm are worn down?

A

6 mm cups on incisors

2 mm are worn down each year

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11
Q

When do cups disappear from adult incisors?

A

1st: 6 years
2nd: 7 years
3rd: 8 years

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12
Q

Where are enamel points on the maxillary vs. mandibular side and what can these cause?

A

Maxillary: buccal
Mandibular: lingual
Can lead to ulcers

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13
Q

Where are the hooks and ramps located in the equine mouth?

A

Hooks: 2nd maxillary premolar
Ramps: 3rd mandibular molar

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14
Q

What is the common name for the premolar 1?

A

Wolf teeth- more commonly found on the mandibular surface

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15
Q

What are eruption cysts associated with?

A

Eruption of permanent premolars

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16
Q

If the cheek tooth is removed, how often do dental exams need to be performed?

A

Every 6 months- opposite tooth is no longer wearing down properly

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17
Q

What are bumps?

A

around 3 years of age there is presence of caps/retained premolars & permanent premolars are trapped/can’t erupt

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18
Q

How do you treat bumps?

A

Screwdriver- pry caps off

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19
Q

_____ _____ is a congenital anomaly causing swelling at the base of the ear with dental remnants inside.

A

Dentigerous cysts

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20
Q

What are epidermal inclusion cysts treated with?

A

Aspiration or surgical removal

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21
Q

What noise is caused by redundant alar folds?

A

Expiratory noise

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22
Q

How do you treat redundant alar folds?

A

Large temporary mattress suture or sx (split nostril and resect fold)

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23
Q

What is it called when a foal has a nose bent to the side?

A

Wry nose- causes stridor, discharge and facial distortion

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24
Q

What are CS of progressive ethmoid hematoma?

A

Bilateral epistaxis
Serosanguineous nasal exudate
Stridor

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25
Q

What radiographic views should be taken for progressive ethmoid hematoma dx?

A

Lateral view rads

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26
Q

What is the definitive diagnosis for ethmoid hematoma?

A

Histopathology- central hemosiderin filled macrophages

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27
Q

How is an ethmoid hematoma treated?

A

Trephination through frontal sinus and removal of ethmoid

Intralesional formalin injection (4%)

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28
Q

What prognosis is seen with long term hematomas?

A

Guarded –> poor prognosis

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29
Q

T/F: There are no reports of hematomas in SB horses?

A

TRUE

30
Q

What is the most important post op complication with ethmoid hematoma surgery?

A

Respiratory distress

31
Q

How often should you repeat exams after surgery is performed to check for recurrence?

A

Every 3-6 months for 5 years

32
Q

What is the primary and secondary cause of sinusitis in equine?

A

Primary: Upper respiratory tract infection
Secondary: dental disease, facial fractures, cysts, neoplasia

33
Q

What are CS of sinusitis?

A

Nasal discharge, coughing and facial deformity

34
Q

What is the tx for sinusitis?

A

Maxillary sinusotomy via trephination or bone flap

35
Q

What are your landmarks for a maxillary sinusotomy via trephination?

A

Medial canthus of eye & cranial edge of facial crest (draw imaginary line) and then create the trephine hole 1 cm dorsal to the middle of the line

36
Q

What is the term for when horses grasp onto a fence with incisors and contract ventral neck muscles and swallow air?

A

Cribbing/windsuckers

37
Q

What can cribbing lead to?

A

Colic, abnormal wear of teeth and weight loss

38
Q

What is an option for non-sx tx of cribbing?

A

Cribbing straps

39
Q

What is the sx tx for cribbing?

A

Myoectomy (sternothyrohyoideus and omohyoideus)

Remove length of 10 tracheal rings

40
Q

What are two structures to be careful of when performing a myoectomy sx?

A

Thyroid gland and external jugular vein

41
Q

What is unilateral paralysis of the cricoarytenoidus dorsalis muscle also known as?

A

Idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia (roaring)

42
Q

What is the nerve that is associated with roaring?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

43
Q

Which side is most commonly seen to have laryngeal hemiplegia?

A

Left

44
Q

What test can be performed to evaluate recurrent laryngeal n. and portions of the spinal cord?

A

Slap test

45
Q

What do you see in grades 1-4 for unilateral laryngeal hemiplegia?

A

Grade 1: normal (full abduction of L&R)
Grade 2: asynchronous abduction but full abduction can be achieved
Grade 3: asymmetry at rest w/ some movement but full abduction cannot be achieved
Grade 4: asymmetry at rest & no movement

46
Q

What are the sx treatment options for idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia?

A

Laryngoplasty/tieback
Ventriculectomy
Reinnervation of cricoarytenoid m. (rare)

47
Q

What are complications of the tie back procedure?

A

Prosthesis failure, loss of abduction, seroma, cough, dysphagia

48
Q

What are some complications associated with the ventriculectomy?

A

Granuloma, mucocele, laryngeal web

49
Q

What does a total arytenoidectomy remove and what is it a tx for?

A

Remove arytenoid body, corniculate & muscular process

Tx for arytenoid chondritis

50
Q

What does a partial arytenoidectomy remove?

A

Preferred method- 50% RTR

Remove arytenoid body and corniculate process

51
Q

What is the condition called when a horse is seen “choking up”?

A

Dorsal displacement of the soft palate

52
Q

What are some non-sx tx options for DDSP?

A

NSAIDs, tongue tie during racing, larygngohyoid support device

53
Q

What are some sx tx for DDSP?

A

Staphylectomy, myectomy, epiglottic augumentation, tie-forward

54
Q

How does the laryngeal tie forward procedure work?

A

Suture between basihyoid bone and thyroid cartilage and it mimics the thyrohyodieus muscle by pulling larynx cranially

55
Q

What is epiglottic entrapment commonly caused by?

A

Too many folds in mucosa below epiglottis

56
Q

What can tympany be caused by?

A

Upper airway infection
Persistent coughing
Muscle dysfunction
Idiopathic

57
Q

What age is tympany commonly seen in?

A

Foals

58
Q

T/F: Tympany is a non-painful disorder that can have dyspnea, dysphagia, inhalation pneumonia and secondary empyema

A

TRUE

59
Q

What is the treatment tympany?

A

Needle aspiration
Indwelling catheter
Sx

60
Q

What are the sx approaches to tympany tx?

A

Hyovertebrotomy
Viborg’s triangle
Whitehouse
Modified whitehouse

61
Q

Which sx tx for tympany has no ventral drainage?

A

Hyovertebrotomy

62
Q

What makes up the viborg’s triangle?

A

Sternomandibular m.
Lingofacial v.
Caudal border of vertical mandibular ramus

63
Q

What is the main difference of empyema and tympany?

A

Empyema is a build up of infectious material and possibly chondroids

64
Q

What is the common presentation of a horse with guttural pouch mycosis?

A

Older horses with intermittent epistaxis

65
Q

Which artery is most likely to have retrograde flow of fungus to carotid or maxillary artery?

A

Major palatine a.

66
Q

What is the most common post-op problem associated with guttural pouch mycosis?

A

Dysphagia (damage of pharyngeal branches of vagus & glossopharyngeal n.)

67
Q

How is guttural pouch mycosis dx?

A

Endoscope (once bleeding has stopped)

68
Q

What are the tx options for guttural pouch mycosis?

A

Arterial ligation or balloon catheter occlusion of internal, external or common carotid a.

69
Q

What is the main goal in the sx treatment of guttural pouch mycosis?

A

Cut off blood supply to the fungus –> no O2 supply –> kills fungus

70
Q

What is a potential side effect of balloon catheter occlusion?

A

Blindness

71
Q

What are the two organisms seen with guttural pouch mycosis?

A

E. nidulans

A. fumigatus

LaSx Final (5 decks)

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