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LaSx Final > Nalozco Repro > Flashcards

Nalozco Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Testes are ___ oriented with a prominent tail of the epididymis

A

Ventrally

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2
Q

What structures are on the medial surface of the testes?

A

Epididymis

Ductus deferens

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3
Q

What are indications for a unilateral orchidectomy?

A 
Hydrocele
Hematocele
Testicular tumor
Abscess 
Variocele
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4
Q

Which testes is more commonly retained in cattle vs. goats?

A

Cattle: L>R
Goats: R>L

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5
Q

What are the locations that the testes are retained in order of most common to least likely?

A

Ectopic > inguinal > abdominal

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6
Q

What does the deep artery of the penis innervate?

A

Corpus cavernosum

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7
Q

What does the dorsal artery to the penis innervate?

A

Bulb

Corpus spongiosum around urethra

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8
Q

What does the dorsal nerve of the penis innervate?

A

Sensory input, essential for ejaculation

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9
Q

These structures are involved in maintaining erection.

A

Muscular contraction of bulbospongiousus & ischiocavernosus m.
Deep artery of the penis

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10
Q

What is used for penile anesthesia in young bulls vs. older mature bulls?

A

Young: dorsal penile n. block
Older: pudendal n. block

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11
Q

T/F: The younger the horse the better it is to castrate

A

TRUE

before weaning around 1-3 months of age

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12
Q

What are four methods used for castration?

A

Newberry knife
Elastrator bands
Callicrate
Burdizzo

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13
Q

What is something to keep in mind if using elastrator bands?

A

Tetanus

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14
Q

Which method of castration is considered a “bloodless castration”

A

Burdizzo- staggered crush sites

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15
Q

What can be a result if the hair around the preputial orifice is clipped too short?

A

Ulceration & secondary infections

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16
Q

What kind of ulcers in show lambs need to be sx removal?

A

Decubital ulcers

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17
Q

Which cattle breed most commonly has preputial prolapses?

A

Polled bulls & Bos indicus- possibly related to atrophy of the lamina interna

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18
Q

What are the four sx procedures for preputial prolapse?

A

Longitudinal incision
Preputial amputation
Reefing
Preputial stoma

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19
Q

What is cicatrix?

A

Chronic ulceration leading to fibrosis in the prepuce

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20
Q

Phimosis

A

Inability to extend penis

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21
Q

Paraphimosis

A

Inability to retract penis

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22
Q

How long should sexual stimulation be avoided post avulsion/laceration repair?

A

30 days

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23
Q

Where does the retractor penile muscle attach to?

A

Ventrally on the distal loop S

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24
Q

Where is the mucosa diverticulum located?

A

Ischial arch

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25
Q

What is the motor supply vs. sensory supply to the penis?

A

Motor: pudendal n.
Sensory: dorsal n. of the penis

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26
Q

How are bovine papilloma virus lesions tx?

A

Sharp excision- get down to deep dermal attachment

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27
Q

What causes inadequate penile protrusion?

A

Vascular shunts between CC and CS

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28
Q

How are penile vascular shunts dx?

A

Contrast cavernosography- look for vascular leakage

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29
Q

What deviation has apical ligament attachment issues?

A

Spiral deviation/corkscrew

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30
Q

Which deviation is caused by a weak or damaged apical ligament?

A

Ventral deviation

31
Q

What is the tx for a ventral deviated penis?

A

Fasica lata graft

32
Q

What is a hematoma caused by?

A

Breeding injury caused by rupture of the tunica albugenia at dorsal penis distal to sigmoid flexure

33
Q

At what size of swelling is sx required for a hematoma?

A

Once swelling is over 15 cm, sx is required (wait 14 days before performing sx)

34
Q

What is the most common tumor of the penis?

A

Penile fibropapilloma
Self-limiting/spontaneous regression
Young bulls

35
Q

What is the surgery where a segment of the ductus deferens is removed?

A

Vasectomy

36
Q

What are the three teaser surgeries?

A

Vasectomy
Epididectomy
Penile/preputial translocation

37
Q

What is the most common cause for rectal tears?

A

Iatrogenic occurring during rectal palpation due to straining against hand

38
Q

Where are most rectal tears located?

A

Dorsal and longitudinal

39
Q

What is the most common grade of rectal tears diagnosed?

A

Grade 2

40
Q

What grade of rectal tear is this:

Mucosa and submucosa with slight blood

A

Grade 1

41
Q

What grade of rectal tear is this:

Muscular layer disrupted but mucosa & submucosa intact

A

Grade 2

42
Q

What grade of rectal tear is this:

All layers torn except serosa

A

Grade 3a

43
Q

What grade of rectal tear is this:

All layers including mesorectum & retroperitoneal tissue involved

A

Grade 3b

44
Q

What grade of rectal tear is this:

all layers into the abdomen, associated with prolapse of small colon or intestine

A

Grade 4

45
Q

What drug decreases rectal tears by 70%?

A

Buscopan (muscle relaxant)

46
Q

What is the toxic dose of lidocaine in cattle vs. equine?

A

Cattle: 5 mg/kg
Equine: 6 mg/kg

47
Q

What is the initial tx for rectal tears?

A

Abx, NSAIDs, fluids (prevent septic shock and peritonitis)
Reduce rectal motility with epidural and remove feces
pack rectum

48
Q

What grades of rectal tears should you refer to outpatient hospital?

A

Offer for all- but always for 3/4

49
Q

What is the sx tx for rectal tears?

A

Direct suture repair through rectum
Temporary indwelling rectal liner (caudal midline celiotomy)- prevents tears and allows spontaneous healing
Diverting loop colostomy (small colon to body wall, reversible)

50
Q

What species is more likely to have rectal prolapse? (ruminants vs. horses)

A

Ruminants > horses

51
Q

What are rectal prolapses caused by?

A

Straining & decreased sphincter tone

associated with tail cropping of sheep and swine-caudal neuritis

52
Q

What are the most common grades of rectal prolapse?

A

Grade 1&2

53
Q

What are the four types of rectal prolapse?

A

Type 1: mucosa
Type 2: all layers of rectum
Type 3: small colon intussuscepts into rectum
Type 4: Rectum/colon intussusception through anus (post-partum)

54
Q

Which type of rectal prolapse has a palpable depression inside the rectum?

A

Type 4

1-3 are continuous with the anus

55
Q

What are post-op complications of rectal prolapse repair?

A

Stricture
Peritonitis
Peri-rectal abscess
Dehiscence

56
Q

What breeds are genetically predisposed to cervicovaginal prolapse?

A

Cows: Hereford, Brahman
Sheep: Kerry hill, Romney

57
Q

What is another cause besides genetics that can lead to cervicovaginal prolapse?

A

Estrogenic feed

58
Q

Where do cervicovaginal prolapses always start?

A

Caudoventral vagina just cranial to urethra/vestibulo-vaginal junction

59
Q

What structure should you never go across when treating a cervicovaginal prolapse?

A

Never go across the labia when performing a retention of prolapse with Buhner stitch

60
Q

Uterine prolapse is most commonly seen when?

A

Dairy cattle post-partum

61
Q

What is uterine prolapse most commonly caused by?

A

Hypocalcemia, post-gravid horn invagination, passed through open cervix

62
Q

T/F: Recurrence is common with uterine prolapse?

A

False

63
Q

What is an important aspect of treating uterine prolapse?

A

Treat the hypocalcemia

64
Q

What is the main indication for c-section in cattle?

A

Relieve dystocia

65
Q

What is the most common approach when performing a c-section in cattle?

A

Standing left paralumbar fossa celiotomy

Avoid right side, difficult to deal with the intestines

66
Q

How many layers should you close with during a c-section?

A

3 layers

67
Q

Which c-section approach in cattle is used when there is an emphysematous fetus?

A

Ventrolateral celiotomy

68
Q

What is the typical closing pattern used for c-section?

A

Inverting pattern: utrecht pattern

69
Q

What three factors decrease mortality of cows during c-section?

A

Uterus exteriorization
Removal of blood clots upon sx
No retained placenta

70
Q

When is a c-section indicated in small ruminants?

A

Pregnancy ketosis

71
Q

What are the approaches for a c-section in small ruminants?

A

Paralumbar fossa or ventrolateral approach or ventral midline celiotomy

72
Q

What is the approach for c-sections in horses?

A

Ventral midline celiotomy

73
Q

What should be done in response for the extensive amounts of bleeding seen with c-sections in horses?

A

Whip stitch on each side of cut surface- helps occlude vessels that you can’t see

74
Q

How long can you attempt assisted vaginal delivery before you should move onto a c-section?

A

15 minutes

LaSx Final (5 decks)

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