Nalozco Repro

Question 1

Testes are ___ oriented with a prominent tail of the epididymis

Answer 1

Ventrally

Question 2

What structures are on the medial surface of the testes?

Answer 2

Epididymis

Ductus deferens

Question 3

What are indications for a unilateral orchidectomy?

Answer 3

Hydrocele
Hematocele
Testicular tumor
Abscess 
Variocele

Question 4

Which testes is more commonly retained in cattle vs. goats?

Answer 4

Cattle: L>R
Goats: R>L

Question 5

What are the locations that the testes are retained in order of most common to least likely?

Answer 5

Ectopic > inguinal > abdominal

Question 6

What does the deep artery of the penis innervate?

Answer 6

Corpus cavernosum

Question 7

What does the dorsal artery to the penis innervate?

Answer 7

Bulb

Corpus spongiosum around urethra

Question 8

What does the dorsal nerve of the penis innervate?

Answer 8

Sensory input, essential for ejaculation

Question 9

These structures are involved in maintaining erection.

Answer 9

Muscular contraction of bulbospongiousus & ischiocavernosus m.
Deep artery of the penis

Question 10

What is used for penile anesthesia in young bulls vs. older mature bulls?

Answer 10

Young: dorsal penile n. block
Older: pudendal n. block

Question 11

T/F: The younger the horse the better it is to castrate

Answer 11

TRUE

before weaning around 1-3 months of age

Question 12

What are four methods used for castration?

Answer 12

Newberry knife
Elastrator bands
Callicrate
Burdizzo

Question 13

What is something to keep in mind if using elastrator bands?

Answer 13

Tetanus

Question 14

Which method of castration is considered a “bloodless castration”

Answer 14

Burdizzo- staggered crush sites

Question 15

What can be a result if the hair around the preputial orifice is clipped too short?

Answer 15

Ulceration & secondary infections

Question 16

What kind of ulcers in show lambs need to be sx removal?

Answer 16

Decubital ulcers

Question 17

Which cattle breed most commonly has preputial prolapses?

Answer 17

Polled bulls & Bos indicus- possibly related to atrophy of the lamina interna

Question 18

What are the four sx procedures for preputial prolapse?

Answer 18

Longitudinal incision
Preputial amputation
Reefing
Preputial stoma

Question 19

What is cicatrix?

Answer 19

Chronic ulceration leading to fibrosis in the prepuce

Question 20

Phimosis

Answer 20

Inability to extend penis

Question 21

Paraphimosis

Answer 21

Inability to retract penis

Question 22

How long should sexual stimulation be avoided post avulsion/laceration repair?

Answer 22

30 days

Question 23

Where does the retractor penile muscle attach to?

Answer 23

Ventrally on the distal loop S

Question 24

Where is the mucosa diverticulum located?

Answer 24

Ischial arch

Question 25

What is the motor supply vs. sensory supply to the penis?

Answer 25

Motor: pudendal n. Sensory: dorsal n. of the penis

Question 26

How are bovine papilloma virus lesions tx?

Answer 26

Sharp excision- get down to deep dermal attachment

Question 27

What causes inadequate penile protrusion?

Answer 27

Vascular shunts between CC and CS

Question 28

How are penile vascular shunts dx?

Answer 28

Contrast cavernosography- look for vascular leakage

Question 29

What deviation has apical ligament attachment issues?

Answer 29

Spiral deviation/corkscrew

Question 30

Which deviation is caused by a weak or damaged apical ligament?

Answer 30

Ventral deviation

Question 31

What is the tx for a ventral deviated penis?

Answer 31

Fasica lata graft

Question 32

What is a hematoma caused by?

Answer 32

Breeding injury caused by rupture of the tunica albugenia at dorsal penis distal to sigmoid flexure

Question 33

At what size of swelling is sx required for a hematoma?

Answer 33

Once swelling is over 15 cm, sx is required (wait 14 days before performing sx)

Question 34

What is the most common tumor of the penis?

Answer 34

Penile fibropapilloma Self-limiting/spontaneous regression Young bulls

Question 35

What is the surgery where a segment of the ductus deferens is removed?

Answer 35

Vasectomy

Question 36

What are the three teaser surgeries?

Answer 36

Vasectomy Epididectomy Penile/preputial translocation

Question 37

What is the most common cause for rectal tears?

Answer 37

Iatrogenic occurring during rectal palpation due to straining against hand

Question 38

Where are most rectal tears located?

Answer 38

Dorsal and longitudinal

Question 39

What is the most common grade of rectal tears diagnosed?

Answer 39

Grade 2

Question 40

What grade of rectal tear is this: | Mucosa and submucosa with slight blood

Answer 40

Grade 1

Question 41

What grade of rectal tear is this: | Muscular layer disrupted but mucosa & submucosa intact

Answer 41

Grade 2

Question 42

What grade of rectal tear is this: | All layers torn except serosa

Answer 42

Grade 3a

Question 43

What grade of rectal tear is this: | All layers including mesorectum & retroperitoneal tissue involved

Answer 43

Grade 3b

Question 44

What grade of rectal tear is this: | all layers into the abdomen, associated with prolapse of small colon or intestine

Answer 44

Grade 4

Question 45

What drug decreases rectal tears by 70%?

Answer 45

Buscopan (muscle relaxant)

Question 46

What is the toxic dose of lidocaine in cattle vs. equine?

Answer 46

Cattle: 5 mg/kg Equine: 6 mg/kg

Question 47

What is the initial tx for rectal tears?

Answer 47

Abx, NSAIDs, fluids (prevent septic shock and peritonitis) Reduce rectal motility with epidural and remove feces pack rectum

Question 48

What grades of rectal tears should you refer to outpatient hospital?

Answer 48

Offer for all- but always for 3/4

Question 49

What is the sx tx for rectal tears?

Answer 49

Direct suture repair through rectum Temporary indwelling rectal liner (caudal midline celiotomy)- prevents tears and allows spontaneous healing Diverting loop colostomy (small colon to body wall, reversible)

Question 50

What species is more likely to have rectal prolapse? (ruminants vs. horses)

Answer 50

Ruminants > horses

Question 51

What are rectal prolapses caused by?

Answer 51

Straining & decreased sphincter tone | associated with tail cropping of sheep and swine-caudal neuritis

Question 52

What are the most common grades of rectal prolapse?

Answer 52

Grade 1&2

Question 53

What are the four types of rectal prolapse?

Answer 53

Type 1: mucosa Type 2: all layers of rectum Type 3: small colon intussuscepts into rectum Type 4: Rectum/colon intussusception through anus (post-partum)

Question 54

Which type of rectal prolapse has a palpable depression inside the rectum?

Answer 54

Type 4 | 1-3 are continuous with the anus

Question 55

What are post-op complications of rectal prolapse repair?

Answer 55

Stricture Peritonitis Peri-rectal abscess Dehiscence

Question 56

What breeds are genetically predisposed to cervicovaginal prolapse?

Answer 56

Cows: Hereford, Brahman Sheep: Kerry hill, Romney

Question 57

What is another cause besides genetics that can lead to cervicovaginal prolapse?

Answer 57

Estrogenic feed

Question 58

Where do cervicovaginal prolapses always start?

Answer 58

Caudoventral vagina just cranial to urethra/vestibulo-vaginal junction

Question 59

What structure should you never go across when treating a cervicovaginal prolapse?

Answer 59

Never go across the labia when performing a retention of prolapse with Buhner stitch

Question 60

Uterine prolapse is most commonly seen when?

Answer 60

Dairy cattle post-partum

Question 61

What is uterine prolapse most commonly caused by?

Answer 61

Hypocalcemia, post-gravid horn invagination, passed through open cervix

Question 62

T/F: Recurrence is common with uterine prolapse?

Answer 62

False

Question 63

What is an important aspect of treating uterine prolapse?

Answer 63

Treat the hypocalcemia

Question 64

What is the main indication for c-section in cattle?

Answer 64

Relieve dystocia

Question 65

What is the most common approach when performing a c-section in cattle?

Answer 65

Standing left paralumbar fossa celiotomy | Avoid right side, difficult to deal with the intestines

Question 66

How many layers should you close with during a c-section?

Answer 66

3 layers

Question 67

Which c-section approach in cattle is used when there is an emphysematous fetus?

Answer 67

Ventrolateral celiotomy

Question 68

What is the typical closing pattern used for c-section?

Answer 68

Inverting pattern: utrecht pattern

Question 69

What three factors decrease mortality of cows during c-section?

Answer 69

Uterus exteriorization Removal of blood clots upon sx No retained placenta

Question 70

When is a c-section indicated in small ruminants?

Answer 70

Pregnancy ketosis

Question 71

What are the approaches for a c-section in small ruminants?

Answer 71

Paralumbar fossa or ventrolateral approach or ventral midline celiotomy

Question 72

What is the approach for c-sections in horses?

Answer 72

Ventral midline celiotomy

Question 73

What should be done in response for the extensive amounts of bleeding seen with c-sections in horses?

Answer 73

Whip stitch on each side of cut surface- helps occlude vessels that you can't see

Question 74

How long can you attempt assisted vaginal delivery before you should move onto a c-section?

Answer 74

15 minutes