Nalozco Repro Flashcards
Testes are ___ oriented with a prominent tail of the epididymis
Ventrally
What structures are on the medial surface of the testes?
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
What are indications for a unilateral orchidectomy?
Hydrocele Hematocele Testicular tumor Abscess Variocele
Which testes is more commonly retained in cattle vs. goats?
Cattle: L>R
Goats: R>L
What are the locations that the testes are retained in order of most common to least likely?
Ectopic > inguinal > abdominal
What does the deep artery of the penis innervate?
Corpus cavernosum
What does the dorsal artery to the penis innervate?
Bulb
Corpus spongiosum around urethra
What does the dorsal nerve of the penis innervate?
Sensory input, essential for ejaculation
These structures are involved in maintaining erection.
Muscular contraction of bulbospongiousus & ischiocavernosus m.
Deep artery of the penis
What is used for penile anesthesia in young bulls vs. older mature bulls?
Young: dorsal penile n. block
Older: pudendal n. block
T/F: The younger the horse the better it is to castrate
TRUE
before weaning around 1-3 months of age
What are four methods used for castration?
Newberry knife
Elastrator bands
Callicrate
Burdizzo
What is something to keep in mind if using elastrator bands?
Tetanus
Which method of castration is considered a “bloodless castration”
Burdizzo- staggered crush sites
What can be a result if the hair around the preputial orifice is clipped too short?
Ulceration & secondary infections
What kind of ulcers in show lambs need to be sx removal?
Decubital ulcers
Which cattle breed most commonly has preputial prolapses?
Polled bulls & Bos indicus- possibly related to atrophy of the lamina interna
What are the four sx procedures for preputial prolapse?
Longitudinal incision
Preputial amputation
Reefing
Preputial stoma
What is cicatrix?
Chronic ulceration leading to fibrosis in the prepuce
Phimosis
Inability to extend penis
Paraphimosis
Inability to retract penis
How long should sexual stimulation be avoided post avulsion/laceration repair?
30 days
Where does the retractor penile muscle attach to?
Ventrally on the distal loop S
Where is the mucosa diverticulum located?
Ischial arch
What is the motor supply vs. sensory supply to the penis?
Motor: pudendal n.
Sensory: dorsal n. of the penis
How are bovine papilloma virus lesions tx?
Sharp excision- get down to deep dermal attachment
What causes inadequate penile protrusion?
Vascular shunts between CC and CS
How are penile vascular shunts dx?
Contrast cavernosography- look for vascular leakage
What deviation has apical ligament attachment issues?
Spiral deviation/corkscrew
Which deviation is caused by a weak or damaged apical ligament?
Ventral deviation
What is the tx for a ventral deviated penis?
Fasica lata graft
What is a hematoma caused by?
Breeding injury caused by rupture of the tunica albugenia at dorsal penis distal to sigmoid flexure
At what size of swelling is sx required for a hematoma?
Once swelling is over 15 cm, sx is required (wait 14 days before performing sx)
What is the most common tumor of the penis?
Penile fibropapilloma
Self-limiting/spontaneous regression
Young bulls
What is the surgery where a segment of the ductus deferens is removed?
Vasectomy
What are the three teaser surgeries?
Vasectomy
Epididectomy
Penile/preputial translocation
What is the most common cause for rectal tears?
Iatrogenic occurring during rectal palpation due to straining against hand
Where are most rectal tears located?
Dorsal and longitudinal
What is the most common grade of rectal tears diagnosed?
Grade 2
What grade of rectal tear is this:
Mucosa and submucosa with slight blood
Grade 1
What grade of rectal tear is this:
Muscular layer disrupted but mucosa & submucosa intact
Grade 2
What grade of rectal tear is this:
All layers torn except serosa
Grade 3a
What grade of rectal tear is this:
All layers including mesorectum & retroperitoneal tissue involved
Grade 3b
What grade of rectal tear is this:
all layers into the abdomen, associated with prolapse of small colon or intestine
Grade 4
What drug decreases rectal tears by 70%?
Buscopan (muscle relaxant)
What is the toxic dose of lidocaine in cattle vs. equine?
Cattle: 5 mg/kg
Equine: 6 mg/kg
What is the initial tx for rectal tears?
Abx, NSAIDs, fluids (prevent septic shock and peritonitis)
Reduce rectal motility with epidural and remove feces
pack rectum
What grades of rectal tears should you refer to outpatient hospital?
Offer for all- but always for 3/4
What is the sx tx for rectal tears?
Direct suture repair through rectum
Temporary indwelling rectal liner (caudal midline celiotomy)- prevents tears and allows spontaneous healing
Diverting loop colostomy (small colon to body wall, reversible)
What species is more likely to have rectal prolapse? (ruminants vs. horses)
Ruminants > horses
What are rectal prolapses caused by?
Straining & decreased sphincter tone
associated with tail cropping of sheep and swine-caudal neuritis
What are the most common grades of rectal prolapse?
Grade 1&2
What are the four types of rectal prolapse?
Type 1: mucosa
Type 2: all layers of rectum
Type 3: small colon intussuscepts into rectum
Type 4: Rectum/colon intussusception through anus (post-partum)
Which type of rectal prolapse has a palpable depression inside the rectum?
Type 4
1-3 are continuous with the anus
What are post-op complications of rectal prolapse repair?
Stricture
Peritonitis
Peri-rectal abscess
Dehiscence
What breeds are genetically predisposed to cervicovaginal prolapse?
Cows: Hereford, Brahman
Sheep: Kerry hill, Romney
What is another cause besides genetics that can lead to cervicovaginal prolapse?
Estrogenic feed
Where do cervicovaginal prolapses always start?
Caudoventral vagina just cranial to urethra/vestibulo-vaginal junction
What structure should you never go across when treating a cervicovaginal prolapse?
Never go across the labia when performing a retention of prolapse with Buhner stitch
Uterine prolapse is most commonly seen when?
Dairy cattle post-partum
What is uterine prolapse most commonly caused by?
Hypocalcemia, post-gravid horn invagination, passed through open cervix
T/F: Recurrence is common with uterine prolapse?
False
What is an important aspect of treating uterine prolapse?
Treat the hypocalcemia
What is the main indication for c-section in cattle?
Relieve dystocia
What is the most common approach when performing a c-section in cattle?
Standing left paralumbar fossa celiotomy
Avoid right side, difficult to deal with the intestines
How many layers should you close with during a c-section?
3 layers
Which c-section approach in cattle is used when there is an emphysematous fetus?
Ventrolateral celiotomy
What is the typical closing pattern used for c-section?
Inverting pattern: utrecht pattern
What three factors decrease mortality of cows during c-section?
Uterus exteriorization
Removal of blood clots upon sx
No retained placenta
When is a c-section indicated in small ruminants?
Pregnancy ketosis
What are the approaches for a c-section in small ruminants?
Paralumbar fossa or ventrolateral approach or ventral midline celiotomy
What is the approach for c-sections in horses?
Ventral midline celiotomy
What should be done in response for the extensive amounts of bleeding seen with c-sections in horses?
Whip stitch on each side of cut surface- helps occlude vessels that you can’t see
How long can you attempt assisted vaginal delivery before you should move onto a c-section?
15 minutes
