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GI - Pathology > Upper GI Pathologies > Flashcards

Upper GI Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

two types of oesophageal cancer

A

squamous and adeno

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2
Q

which type of oesophageal cancer are smoking, alcohol and dietary carcinogens risk factors for

A

squamous carcinoma

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3
Q

what is Barrett’s oesophagus

A

a metaplasia whereby the squamous epithelium of th eosophagus is replaced by glandular epithelium as a result of oesophageal reflux

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4
Q

more common hiatus hernia cause of oesophageal reflux

A

sliding hiatus hernia

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5
Q

5 pathologies of upper GI tract

A 
oesophageal reflux
oesophageal cancer
gastritis
peptic ulcetration
gastric cancer
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6
Q

what is a hiatus hernia

A

where part of the stomach moves up into the thorax (i.e. past diaphragm)

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7
Q

two types of hiatus herbia

A

sliding and para-eosophageal

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8
Q

most common type of hiatus hernia

A

sliding

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9
Q

which parts of the stomach herniate in sliding

A

cardiac region and fundus

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10
Q

which parts of the stomach herniate in para-oesophageal

A

the fundus

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11
Q

why is reflux more common in sliding than in para-oesophageal

A

because the mechanism of sliding means that the LOS is as contracted and the stomach contents can freely escape upwards

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12
Q

two main complications of hiatus hernia related reflux

A

fibrotic healing forming strictures

barrett’s oesophagus

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13
Q

what is the relatinoship between barrett’s and oesophageal cancer

A

barrett’s is a precursor to cancer

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14
Q

which type of oesophageal cancer, squamous or adenocarcinoma, is most likely to occur from barrett’s oesophagus

A

adenocarcinoma (barrett’s is metaplasia of glandular epithelium

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15
Q

what is the 3rd most common alimentary cancer

A

oesophageal cancer

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16
Q

red flag symptoms of oesophageal cancer

A

dysphagia, vomiting, weight loss and symptoms of GI blood loss like haematemesis or dizziness

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17
Q

where does oesophageal cancer most commonly metastasise to

A

liver

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18
Q

5 non red flag symptoms of oesophageal cancer

A

painful swallowing, hoarseness, retrosternal pain, uncontrollable hiccups and lympadenopathy

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19
Q

oesophageal cancer has a good/poor prognosis

A

poor - 5 year is <15%

20
Q

what is gastritis

A

inflammation of stomach lining

21
Q

what can gastritis lead to

A

stomach ulcer

22
Q

what vitamin deficiency arises from autoimmune gastritis

A

b12, pernicious anaemia

23
Q

the 3 types of gastritis

A

autoimmune, bacterial and chemical injury

24
Q

pathophysiology of gastritis

A

disruption of mucus later/acid production –> stomach lining exposed to acid –> damage

25
Q

common drug that causes gastritis

A

NSAIDs

26
Q

where could bile reflux from to cause chemical gastritis

A

the duodenum

27
Q

3 causes of chemical gastritis

A

drugs, alcohol and bile reflux

28
Q

in autoimmune gastritis what are the antibodies targeted against

A

parietal cells and intrinsic factor

29
Q

most common type of gastritis

A

bacterial

30
Q

most common cause of bacterial gastritis

A

H. Pylori

31
Q

H. Pylori is gram negative/positive

A

negative

32
Q

pathophysiology of a gastric ulcer

A

commonly H. Pylori caused gastritis –> ulcer forms

33
Q

2 main causes of gastric ulcers

A

H. Pylori and NSAIDs (aspirin ibruprofen)

34
Q

Presentation of a gastric ulcer

A 
epigastric pain
nausea and vomiting
weight loss (less nutrition)
haematemesis (if bleeding ulcer)
anaemia
35
Q

peritoneal complication of a gastric ulcer

A

peritonitis when the the ulcer perforates

36
Q

chronic complication of ulcer bleeding

A

anaemia

37
Q

2nd most common alimentary cancer

A

gastric

38
Q

histological types of gastric cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

39
Q

what infection is gastric cancer associated with

A

H. Pylori

40
Q

ways in which gastric cancer may spread

A

directly to surrounding structures, lymphatically, through blood and transcoelomically (in peritoneal cavity)

41
Q

stomach is retro/intra peritoneal

A

intraperitoneal

42
Q

presentation of gastric cancer

A 
dyspepsia
dysphagia
early satiety
weight loss
nausea and vomiting
anaemia
43
Q

how does gastric cancer present in 70% of cases

A

with dyspepsia and no more

44
Q

why should you refer all cases of dyspepsia for an endoscopy

A

because 70% of gastric cancer presents with just dyspepsia

45
Q

gastric cancer has a good/poor prognosis

A

poor - 5 year <20%

46
Q

type of epithelium in stomach

A

simple columnar

47
Q

type of epithelium in oesophagus

A

stratified squamous

GI - Pathology (23 decks)

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