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GI - Pathology > Gut Microbiots > Flashcards

Gut Microbiots Flashcards

1
Q

which part of the GI tract has the most bacteria

A

large intestine

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2
Q

change in oxygenation through GI tract

A

increasing anaerobic

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3
Q

approximate population along tract

A

stomach - 10^4
SI - 10^8
LI - 10^10

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4
Q

what does facultative anaerobic bacteria mean

A

can grow in aerobic and anaerobic

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5
Q

what does obligate anaerobic bacteria mean

A

can only grow in anaerobic

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6
Q

what two bacteria are present in almost all of the GI tract

A

streptococcus and lactobaccilus

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7
Q

where do lactobacillus and streptococcus become not prominent

A

distal ileum and colon (end of tract) when it becomes too anaerobic

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8
Q

what type of anaerobic bacteria are prominent at start of tract

A

facultative

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9
Q

what type of anaerobic bacteria are prominent at end of tract

A

obligate

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10
Q

what are the dominant bacteria in the colon

A

bacteriodes, clostridium, bifidobacterium and enterobacteriaceae

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11
Q

total number of bacteria in gut

A

> 100 trillion weighing 200g

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12
Q

what is the genus and family of clostridium difficile

A 
genus = clostridium
family = clostridaceae
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13
Q

what type of classification is the name clostridium difficile

A

species

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14
Q

what foods do we need bacteria to digest

A

fruit, vegetables, whole grains and pulses

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15
Q

benefit of fibre for stools

A

bulks out the faeces and helps their passage

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16
Q

bacterial fermentation maintains a slightly acidic/alkaline pH

A

acidic

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17
Q

fatty acid products of bacterial fermentation

A

butyrate, propionate and acetate

18
Q

purpose of butyrate

A

cell growth and regeneration

19
Q

purpose of propionate

A

gluconeogenesis and satiety signals

20
Q

purpose of acetate

A

lipogenesis

21
Q

products of microbial fermentation

A

short chain fatty acids, gases, branched fatty acids and a bunch of random molecules

22
Q

what type of metabolism produces more branched short chain fatty acids, protein or carbohydrate

A

protein

23
Q

microbial defenses against pathogens

A

barrier against them, out-competing them, producing compounds to kill them, inhibition by pH 6

24
Q

true/false in normal gut physiology bacteria penetrate into the epithelium

A

false - they should normally be kept away by mucus layer, any penetration is met by a macrophage

25
Q

true/false some bacteria are anti-inflammatory and some are pro-inflamatory

A

true

26
Q

what disease can be caused when gut microbiota get into the blood stream

A

sepsis

27
Q

what features of microbial population are seen in IBD

A

increased mucosal bacterial overload, reduced diversity

28
Q

can antibiotics help in IBD

A

yes, it has some efficacy in reducing symptoms

29
Q

is there any bacterial difference between areas of inflamed and non-inflamed bowel

A

no

30
Q

firmicutes are reduced/increased in ulcerative colitis

A

reduced

31
Q

effect of an inflamed gut on bacterial diversity

A

reduced diversity with increases in enterobacteriaceae

32
Q

2 things which increase enterobacteriaceae

A

antibiotics and inflammation

33
Q

what medications are used to boost a particular bacteria

A

prebiotics

34
Q

how can you reduced enterbacteriaceae numbers

A

reduced antibiotic use

35
Q

what is a prebiotic

A

a substrate that is selective for host microorganisms for health benefit

36
Q

what is a probiotic

A

a microorganism which brings a health benefit (think yogurts)

37
Q

geography problem with antibiotics

A

80% of antibiotics given to livestock reach manure unchanged and enter into water and DESTROY NATUREES

38
Q

what is FMT used in

A

when antibiotic therapy doesn’t work for C. Difficile

only approved and effective in c. diff. no evidence in UC

39
Q

what is FMT

A

faecal microbial transplantation

40
Q

criteria of donor for FMT

A

sensitive to antimicrobials, easy to culture and gut commensal bacteria

GI - Pathology (23 decks)

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