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anatomy K > upper extremity > Flashcards

upper extremity Flashcards

1
Q

How many phalanges do we have in each hand? How are they connected? Be specific.

A

5 proximal + 4 middle + 5 distal = 14 phalanges

Connected by Inter Phalange joints- Proximal Inter Phalange joint (PIP), Middle Inter Phalange joints (MIP) and Distal Inter Phalange joints (DIP)

the 1st digit only has a PIP and DIP:

metacarpal–>PIP–>proximal phalange–>DIP–>distal phalange

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2
Q

What does the spine of the scapula become and what does it articulate with if at all?

A

spine of scapula becomes the acromium laterally which articulates with the acromial end of the scapula

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2
Q

How many bones are in the carpus?

A

8

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2
Q

Which of the following are true:

A. Brachialis: flattened muscle lies deep to the biceps; the only pure flexor of elbow

B. Coracobrachialis: elongated muscle in superomedial part of arm; helps flex & adduct the arm

C. The bicep brachii starts at the bicipital groove and inserts at the radial tuberocity

D. Triceps Brachii: large posterior muscle with 3 heads (long, lateral, medial); main extensor of the elbow & helps stabilize the glenohumeral joint

A

A, B,D

C- the bicep brachii long head passes through intertubercular (bicipital) groove of the humerus but originates from the supraglenoid tubercle while the short head originates in the coracoid process

both head merge to form one and end at the radial tuberocity

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2
Q

How many muscle compartments are in the hand?

A

5

I wATCH

Interosseous compartments- interossei

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Adductor Compartment- adductor pollicis

Thenar Compartment: APB, FPB, opponens pollicis (opposition of thumb)

Central Compartment: lumbricales with long flexor tendons
Hypothenar Compartment: abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, opponens digiti minimi

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3
Q

Describe the Location of the radius in relation to the ulna and its articulation.

A

Lateral and shorter than the ulna and articulates with the capitulum of the humerus at the proximal end denoted by the radial tuberosity and articulated with the head of the ulna at the distal end at the ulnar notch

  • ends in a lateral styloid process similar to the ulna but it is much larger
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4
Q

Extension and flexion of the elbow requires active engagement of the condyles of the humerus.

A. which are active during flexion

B. which are active during extension

A

A. During flexion, the coronoid fossa above the trochlea receives the coronoid process of the ulna, the radial fossa superior to the capitulum accomodates the head of the radius

B. during extension, the olecranon fossa posteriorly to the trochlea receives the olecranon of the ulna

trochlea articulates with the ulna while the capitulum articulates with the radius

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5
Q

How many metacarpals do we have and where are they? Which is the shortest?

A

5 metacarpal bones that form the palm between carpus & phalanges;

The first metacarpal (thumb) is the shortest and thickest

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5
Q

Which muscle flexes the middle phalanges? What group does it belong to? Does it have any other functions?

A

Intermediate Group of the anterior compartment: flexor digitorum superficialis flexes the middle phalanges of only 4 digits not the thumb.

It also flexes the metacarpals and carpal joints

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6
Q

Which muscles make up the rotator cuff?

A

SITS

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

form a cuff around the glenohumeral joint

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6
Q

Which muscle of the arm both flexes and adducts the arm?

A

coracobrachialis

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6
Q

what happens during nursemaids elbow?

A

Subluxation of Radial Head due to a sudden jerked or pull by arm of a chils. it is held with elbow flexed & forearm pronated because of a weak anular ligament of the radius (gets stronger at age 3)

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7
Q

Which muscles make up the snuff box?

A

abductor pollicis longus (APL)

extensor pollicis brevis (EPB)

extensor pollicis longus (EPL)

all part of the deep layer of the posterior compartment

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8
Q

Which muscle flexes the elbow & supinates slightly?

A

biceps brachii

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9
Q

which muscles attach itself to the scapula and to which part of the scapula?

A

pectoralis minor (anterior axioappendicular) to the coracoid process

serratus anterior (anterior axioappendicular) to the medial border of the scapula

trapezius (posterior axioappendicular) to the acromion and spine of the scapula

Levator scapulae (posterior axioappendicular) to the medial border at the superior angle of the scapula

Rhomboid mino and major (posterior axioappendicular) to the medial border of the scapula

Scapulohumeral :

supraspinatus to the supraspinous fossa of scapula

infraspinatus to the infrespinous fossa of the scapula

Deltoid to the acromion and spine of the scapula

teres minor and major to the scapula

subscapularis to the subscapularis fossa

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10
Q

Jeopardy style:

fan-shaped muslce covering the superior thorax; has clavicular & sternocostal heads

A

WHat is the pectoralis major

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10
Q

Which are the muscles in the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

pronator teres,

flexor carpi radialis,

palmaris longus,

flexor carpi ulnaris

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11
Q

which nerve passes through the coracobrachialis muscle?

A

musculocutaneous nerve

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12
Q

Which is the most common joint tear in football players?

A

AC tear- acromioclavicular joint

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13
Q

How many bones make up the wrist, hands, and fingers of the right hand?

A

8 carpals + 5 metacarpals + 14 phalanges = 27 bones

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14
Q

Which nerve is for sensation on the dorsal side of the palm and crosses the anatomical snuff box?

A

radial nerve

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14
Q

Which joint in the arm is a pivot joint?

A

proximal radioulnar joint

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15
Q

Which is incorrect?

A. Median Nerve: forms in the axilla from branches of the brachial plexus and serve the flexors and pronators of the forearm

B. Ulnar Nerve: arises from lateral cord of the brachial plexus

C. Musculocutaneous Nerve: from lateral cord of brachial plexus; supplies all 3 muscles of anterior arm

D. Radial Nerve: supplies extensors and supinators in posterior compartments of arm & forearm by passing behind the humerus in the radial groove

A

B. Ulnar nerve arises from the medial cord of the brachial plexus

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16
Q

What is the physiology behind a skiers thumb fracture?

A

rupture or chronic laxity of the ulnar collateral ligament of 1st metacarpophalangeal ligament of the thumb; caused by hyperextension of joint during a fall

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17
Q

What are the superficial veins of the upper limb?

A

Cephalic (lateral) and basilic (medial) veins

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17
Q

Which are your deep Posterior Axioappendicular Muscles? describe its function

A

Levator Scapulae: elevates the scapula; deep to trapezius
Rhomboids (Major & Minor): form parallel bands; thin rhomboid major 2 times wider & thicker than the rhomboid minor

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18
Q

Jeopardy style:

small round muscle inferior to clavicle; helps protect subclavian vessels and anchors and depresses the calvicle

A

what is the subclavius?

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18
Q

Which of the following is not a posterior axioappendicular muscle?

trapezius

latissimus dorsi

Levator Scapulae

Rhomboids (Major & Minor)

deltoid

A

deltoid

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19
Q

Where do brachial veins begin and end?

A

Deep Veins: paired brachial veins begin at elbow and end at merger with basilic vein

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21
Q

What allows communication btw the cephalic and basilic vein? Where does this happen? Whats is the clinical importance of this location?

A

Median cubital vein in the antecubital fossa (anterior aspect of the elbow)

This is the common site for phlebotomy.

23
Q

where is the radial groove located and what is it for?

A

posteriorly and inferiorly to the deltoid tuberosity on the humerus for the radial nerve and deep artery of the arm

24
Q

where is the supraspinatus muscle located?

A

on the supraspinous fossa of the scapula

26
Q

Describe the Clavicle:

Where does it articulate, to what, and describe its form

A

Sternal end (medial 2/3 convex anteriorly) articulates with the manubrium of the sternum on the sternoclavicular joint while the acromial end (lateral 1/3 concaves anteriorly) articulates with the acromion of the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint.

27
Q

which of the following are not scapulohumeral muscles?

Deltoid

supraspinatus

infraspinatus

subscapularis

teres major

teres minor

levator scapulae

A

levator scapulae

27
Q

Which muscles attach itself to the clavicle?

A

deltoid (scapulohumeral) , trapezius (posterior axioappendicular), subclavius & pectoralis major (anterior axioappendicular)

29
Q

Which of the following are not part of the anterior axioappendicular muscles?

pectoralis major

pectoralis minor

teres major

subclavius

serratus anterior

A

teres major

31
Q

What separates the head of the humerus into greater and lesser tubercles? Explain its function.

A

The intertubercular (bicipital) groove separates the head into the greater (lateral side) and lesser tubercles to form the surgical neck (common place for fractures).

It provides protection for the tendon of the long head of the bicep muscle and also attaches to the pectoralis major

33
Q

True or False:

Cephalic Vein: ascends in the subcutaneous tissue along the lateral border of forearm & arm

A

True

34
Q

Jeopardy style: answer in the form of a question

The ability to grasp, strike and conduct fine motos skills such as buttoning a shirt.

A

What is manipulation of the upper extremity?

34
Q

Which muscle flexes the distal phalanges? Which flexes the 1st digit? What group do they belong to?

A

Deep group of the anterior compartment of the forearm- flexor digitorum profundus attaches to distal phalanges, flexor pollicis(thumb) longus flexes thumb

The FDP and FDS both also flex the metacarpals and carpal joints

35
Q

Which muscle adducts and medially rotates the arm?

A

teres major

36
Q

Where is the serratus anterior?

A

Serratus Anterior: overlies lateral thorax; anchors the scapula

38
Q

what type of skeleton do the bones of the upper limb form and where do they articulate?

A

They form the superior appendicular skeleton and articulate with the axial skeleton only at the sternoclavicular joint.

39
Q

Name your carpals.

A

Proximal Row: scaphoid (scaphoid tubercle), lunate (moon-shaped), triquetrum (pyramidal shape), pisiform (pea-shaped)
Distal Row: trapezium (four sided), trapezoid (wedge-shaped), capitate (head-shaped & largest in carpus), hamate (wedge-shaped with a hooked process)

40
Q

where do the radial and ulnar artery begin?

A

at the cubital fossa from the division of the brachial artery

41
Q

What are the four major segments of the upper limb?

State its contents

A

Shoulder - overlies 1/2 of the pectoral girdle (scapula, clavicle and manubrium)- includes the pectoral, scapular, and deltoid regions of th eupper limb

Arm- longest segment of the upper limb btw shoulder and elbow

Forearm- overlies radius and ulna, 2nd largest region in upper limb

Hand- distal to forearm includes carpus, metacarpus, phalanges

41
Q

Where is the ulna and what does it articulate with?

A

Ulna is the longer bone of the forarm and is located medially articulating with the trochlea of the humerus with its proximal trochlear notch (olecranon and coronoid process) and articulating with the radius at the radial notch

42
Q

The Brachial artery is the continuation of what artery?

Where does it start and where does it end?

A

Continuation of the axillary artery.

Begins inferiorly to the teres major and travels medially until it ends at the cubital fossa

44
Q

Describe the scapula:

A

triangular flat bone over the lateral posterior thorax; posterior convex surface interrupted by spine of the scapula (small supraspinous and large infraspinous fossae); concave costal (ventral side) surface forms large subscapular fossa;

46
Q

which muscle is the only pure flexor of the elbow?

A

Brachialis

48
Q

Where does the deltoid muscle attach itself?

A

At the deltoid tuberosity laterally on the humerus

50
Q

which muscle(s) rotate and retract the scapula?

A

the rhomboids retract & rotate the scapula depressing the glenoid fossa

51
Q

Which nerve are the extensor muscles of the forearm primarily supplied by and how many layers do they have?

A

The extensor muscles are in the posterior compartment of the forearm supplied by the radial nerve with two layered groups: superficial and deep.

52
Q

What is involved in pronation of the forearm?

A

Pronator quadratus of the deep layer in the anterior compartment of the forearm, attached to both the ulna and radius

and the pronator teres

and the anular ligament of the radius

54
Q

where is the axilla located and what does it do ?

A

Axilla: pyramidal space inferior to glenohumeral joint; provides a passageway for vessels & nerves

55
Q

T/F

A. The distal end of the tricep is attached to the olecranon process of the ulna

B. All three heads are attached to the posterior humerus

A

A. True

B. False

The long head is attached to the infraglenois tubercle of the scapula

The medial and lateral head are attached inferior and superior to the radial groove on the posterior side of the humerus, respectively.

57
Q

What is the role of the pectoralis minor?

A

Pectoralis Minor: triangular & almost completely covered by the major;

stabilizes the scapula by attaching itself to its coracoid process

58
Q

Which muscle is not a part of the rotator cuff?

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres major
Teres minor
Subscapularis

A

teres major - for adduction and medial rotation of the arm

59
Q

What is superior to the glenoid cavity? what attaches to it?

A

On the Scapula:

coracoid process is superior to the glenoid cavity and projects anterolaterally. provides attachement:

coracoclavicular ligament

inferiorly attaches to the pectoralis minor

origin for the bicep short head and coracobrachialis

60
Q

Which muscles move the pectoral girdle?

A

the anterior axioappendicular muscles: pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius, serratus anterior

60
Q

Which are your superficial Posterior Axioappendicular Muscles?

A

trapezius and latissimus dorsi

61
Q

Does the ulna participate in the rediocarpal joint?

A

No, because it doesn’t reach and ends with the head of the ulna with an ulnar styloid process

62
Q

Which of the following are groups of forearm flexor muscles?

A. Superficial group
B. Intermediate group
C. Deep group
D. Medial group
E. Lateral group

A

A, B, and C

63
Q

Where can you find the basilic vein?

A

Basilic Vein: ascends along the medial forearm & arm

65
Q

What do the superficial extensor muscles of the forearm have in common?

A

They have a common extensor origin: the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.

extensor carpi radialis brevis

extensor digitorum

extensor digiti minimi

extensor carpi ulnaris

66
Q

What do the superficial group of the anterior compartment of the forearm have in common?

A

they all have the same flexor origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus

67
Q

describe the position of the radius with respect to the ulna during forearm supination.

A

the radius is lateral to the ulna

68
Q

How is the axilla divided?

A

Apex: bounded by 1st rib, clavicle, superior edge of scapula
Base: formed by skin, fascia, subcutaneous tissue
Anterior Wall: pectoralis major/minor & their fascia
Posterior Wall: scapula, subscapularis muscle, teres major

Medial Wall: 1-4th ribs, intercostal muscles
Lateral Wall: narrow bony wall formed by humerus

69
Q

where does the deltoid attach itself?

A

to the clavicle, acromion and spine of the scapula ending in the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

70
Q

which muscle(s) elevates the scapula?

A

levator scapulae (deep muslce) and the trapezius

71
Q

Name the condyles of the humerus

A

Trochlea (medial), capitulum (lateral), olecranon fossa (posterior), coronoid fossa (superior to the trochlea), radial fossa (superior to the capitulum)

72
Q

Which muscles support the scapula?

A

Pectoralis minor and the serratus anterior

73
Q

Where does the head of the humerus articulate on scapula?

A

articulates on the the glenoid cavity of the scapula at the glenohumeral joint

anatomy K (6 decks)

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