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LCRS Y2: Anatomy of the head, neck and spine > Upper airway and GIT > Flashcards

Upper airway and GIT Flashcards

1
Q

Recall the functions of the nasal cavities

A

Warm and humidify air, help trap pathogens

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2
Q

What lies on the lateral wall of each of the nasal cavities?

A

Nasal conchae

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3
Q

What lies in between each nasal cavity?

A

Meatuses

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4
Q

Recall the bones that contribute to each nasal concha

A

Superior and middle conchae = parts of ethmoid bone

Inferior concha = bone in itself

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5
Q

Recall the 4 nerves innervating the nasal cavity, and what they are involved in sensing

A
  1. Olfactory nerve - olfaction
  2. Trigeminal nerve - sensory (V1 = anterior, V2 = posterior)
  3. Facial nerve - glands
  4. T1 SNS fibres = VSMCs
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6
Q

Recall the blood supply to the nasal cavity and its clinical relevance

A

Ant. and post. ethmoidal arteries

Area of significant anastomoses is prone to nose bleeds

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7
Q

Summarise the venous drainage of the nasal cavity

A

Nasal vein
Facial vein
Pterygoid plexus
Cavernous sinus

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8
Q

Recall each of the paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal
Ethmoidal air cells
Sphenoid
Maxillary

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9
Q

Recall the relative positioning of the paranasal sinuses in a lateral view

A

Anterior: Superior to inferior = frontal (eye sockets) maxillary
Posterior to eye sockets, working posteriorly = eye sockets, sphenoid`

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10
Q

Recall the regional mapping of each nasal cavity, and summarise the function of each region

A

3 regions:

  1. Nasal vestibule (particle removal)
  2. Respiratory region (temo and humidity adjustment)
  3. Olfactory region (olfaction)
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11
Q

Describe the lining of each of the paranasal sinuses

A

Ciliated and mucous-secreting respiratory mucosa

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12
Q

Describe the innervation of the paranasal sinuses

A

Branches of the trigeminal

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13
Q

Why do the paranasal sinuses provide a possible route for infection?

A

Connected to pharynx by small holes

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14
Q

Where do the posterior ethmoidal air cells drain into?

A

Superior nasal meatus

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15
Q

Which paranasal sinus is the largest?

A

Maxillary

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16
Q

How may the maxillary sinus in particular provide a route for infection?

A

Only a thin layer separating it from tooth so tooth infection can infect sinus

17
Q

What are the 2 functions of the larynx?

A

Voice box

Valve to close LRT

18
Q

Recall the structural components of the larynx

A

3 large unpaired cartilages (cricoid, thyroid and epiglottis)
3 small paired cartilages (arytenoid, cuneiform and corniculate)
Fibro-elastic membrane

19
Q

From where is the larynx superiorly suspended?

A

Hyoid

20
Q

Describe the shape of the thyroid cartilage

A

Right and left lamina are widely separated posteriorly but converge to join anteriorly

21
Q

Describe the shape and location of the arytenoid cartilages

A

Pyramidal

Postero-inferior to epiglottis

22
Q

Recall the attachments of the vocal folds

A 
Anterior = thyroid cartilage
Posterior = arytenoid cartilages
23
Q

What and where are the false vocal folds?

A

Vestibular folds = above bioth sides of the true vocal folds

24
Q

What structures of the larynx must move to affect pitch?

A

Arytenoid cartilages and cricothyroid joint

25
Q

Recall the functional components of the facial nerve

A

Motor - to muscles of facial expression
Sensory - contributes to lingual nerve via CT to supply ant. 2/3 of tongue
PNS - salivary glands (not parotid) and lacrimal glands

26
Q

Recall the route of the facial nerve

A

Leaves skull via IAM
Passes through stylomastoid foramen
Supplies face via parotid gland

27
Q

Recall the pathophysiology of Bell’s palsy

A

Inflammation of stylomastoid foramen puts pressure on CNVII –> ipsilateral facial paralysis

28
Q

What function is lost when there is a lesion of the internal laryngeal nerve?

A

Loss of sensation above vocal folds

29
Q

What function is lost when there is a lesion of the external laryngeal nerve?

A

Paralysis of cricothyroid

30
Q

What function is lost when there is a lesion of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Paralysis of all muscles of larynx except cricothyroid

Loss of sensation BELOW vocal folds

31
Q

Summarise the cough and sneeze reflexes and how to differentiate them

A

Irritation sensed by laryngeal branches of CNX
Phrenic and thoracic nerves initiate deep inhalation
Closed glottis –> pressure buildup
Forced exhalation
Cough only: air escapes via mouth as oropharyngeal isthmus = open
Sneeze only: air escapes via nose as oropharyngeal isthmus = closed

32
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the relationship between the mastoid antrum and the mastoid air cells

A

Infection can spread: pharynx –> middle ear –> mastoid process

LCRS Y2: Anatomy of the head, neck and spine (6 decks)

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