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LCRS Y2: Anatomy of the head, neck and spine > Cranium, meninges and brain > Flashcards

Cranium, meninges and brain Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones make up the skull?

A

22

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2
Q

Recall the 9 main bones of the skull

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Parietal
Zygoma
Ethmoid
Mandible
Maxilla
Occipital
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3
Q

What bone forms the roof of the mouth?

A

Palatine

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4
Q

What bone is seen to split the 2 halves of the nose?

A

Vomer

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5
Q

What foramina are found in the maxilla?

A

Intraorbital

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6
Q

Recall the 3 main sutures of the skull

A

Coronal
Saggital
Lamboid

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7
Q

What name is given to the protrusion at the most dorsal point of the occipital bone?

A

Inion (external occipital protuberance)

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8
Q

What name is given to the “soft spots” in the infant skull?

A

Fontanelles

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9
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

Fibrous tract where fibres from the cortex come together

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10
Q

Recall the layers of the scalp, from superficial to deep

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose areolar tissue
Periosteum
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11
Q

Within which layer of the scalp are arteries, veins and nerves found?

A

Connective tissue

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12
Q

Which muscle’s aponeurosis forms the aponeurotic layer of the scalp?

A

Occipital and frontal bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle

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13
Q

Which layer of the scalp facilitates movement?

A

Loose areolar tissue

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14
Q

Recall the fossae of the skull

A

Anterior, middle and posterior cranial; cerebellar

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15
Q

Recall the structures that pass through the foramen magnum

A

Medulla
Meninges (these surround medulla)
Vertebral and spinal arteries (brain needs blood supply)
Dural veins (brain needs draining)

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16
Q

Which cranial fossa is the most shallow?

A

Anterior

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17
Q

Recall the borders of each cranial fossa

A 
Anterior = frontal bone to body and lesser wings of sphenoid
Middle = to dorsum sellae of sphenoid
Posterior  = to internal occipital proturberance
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18
Q

Recall the relative positioning of the wings of the sphenoid bone

A

Lesser wing = anterior

2 lateral greater wings of sphenoid

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19
Q

What lies posteriorly to the hypophysial fossa?

A

Dorsum sellae

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20
Q

Recall the foramina of the sphenoid bone, from anterior to posterior

A 
Optic canals
Orbital fissures
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
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21
Q

Recall the positioning of the sphenoid sinuses

A

There are 2: one anterior to and one posterior to the sphenoid body

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22
Q

Recall the layers of the meninges from superficial to deep

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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23
Q

Where do emissory veins run?

A

Originate in superficial fascia, drain into diploic vein within bone of skull

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24
Q

Where does the cerebral vein run in relation to the meninges?

A

Deep to all of them

25
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space?

A

Between arachnoid mater and pia mater

26
Q

Describe the structure and structural properties of the dura mater

A

Thich and inelastic

Periosteal and meningeal layer

27
Q

Describe the structure and structural properties of the arachnoid mater

A

Elastic

Spider-like projections

28
Q

Describe the structural properties of the pia mater

A

Thin and delicate

29
Q

Which meningeal space is very large in the spine?

A

Extradural space

30
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

Fold of meningeal layer of dura mater that runs into the longitudinal fissure

31
Q

What is located at the base of the falx cerebri?

A

Inferior saggital sinus

32
Q

Where is CSF produced and where is this located?

A

Choroid plexus = superior part of inferior horn of lateral ventricle

33
Q

Recall the flow of CF from its production to its drainage

A 
Lateral ventricle (choroid plexus)
interventricular foramen
3rd ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle
*various foramina*
subarachnoid space
arachnoid granulation villi = drainage --> superior saggital sinus
34
Q

Why is an epidural bleed more dangerous in the skull than the spine?

A

Very small epidural space in brain so bleed is dangerous whereas in spine epidural space is large - ammeanable to CSF removal

35
Q

What is the tenorium cerebelli and what is its function?

A

Extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the inferior part of the occipital lobes

36
Q

Recall the foramina through which each of the cranial nerves enter

A 
CNI = cribiform plate of ethmoid
CNII = optic canal
CNIII = superior orbital fissure
CNIV = superior orbital fissure
CNV1 = superior orbital fissure
CNV2 = foramen rotundum
CNV3 = foramen ovale
CNVI = superior orbital fissure
CNVII = internal acoustic meatus
CNVIII = internal acoustic meatus
CNIX = jugular foramen
CNX = jugular foramen
CNXI = jugular foramen
CNXI spinal roots = foramen magnum
CNXII = hypoglossal canal
37
Q

Recall the vascular components that enter the skull via the optic canal

A

Ophthalmic artery

Central artery of retina

38
Q

Recall the vascular components that enter the skull via the superior orbital fissure

A

Superior ophthalmic vein

39
Q

Recall the path of the internal carotid artery entering the skull

A

Enters via the carotid canal, turns a right angle and runs just posterior to foramen lacerum

40
Q

Recall the vascular components that enter the skull via the foramen spinosum

A

Middle meningeal artery and vein

41
Q

Recall the vascular components that enter the skull via the internal acoustic meatus

A

Labyrinthine artery

42
Q

Through which foramen of the skull does the sigmoid sinus drain into the internal jugular vein?

A

Jugular foramen

43
Q

Recall the components of the Circle of Willis, from anterior to posterior

A

2 x Anterior cerebral
(connected by 2 x anterior communicating)
Joins: Bilateral internal carotids (medial) and middle cerebrals (lateral)
Posterior communicating arteries join them to the posterior cerebral
Superior cerebellar
Basilar
Anterior inferior cerebellar
Posterior inferior cerebellar
Vertebral
Anterior spinal

44
Q

What is the main danger of a cavernous sinus thrombosis?

A

Disruption of cranial nerve travelling through

45
Q

From which sinus does the great cerebral vein form?

A

Straight

46
Q

Name the sinus branches that travel around the sides of the brain

A

Transverse sinuses

47
Q

Which sinus encircles the IJV?

A

Sigmoid sinus

48
Q

What do the transverse sinuses converge to form?

A

Cavernous sinuses

49
Q

Why do scalp lacerations threaten the brain

A

Emissory veins provide a route of transmission of infection since they drain into deeper veins

50
Q

Where is the pterion and why is it clinically significant?

A

Where temporal, frontal, occipital and parietal bones meet
Thin part of skull
MMA runs just below = very vulnerable to extradural bleed

51
Q

Recall the names of the cranial nerves

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
52
Q

Describe the course of the facial nerve as it exits the skull

A

Exits skull via internal acoustic meatus and then stylomastoid foramen
Runs over parotid gland
Branches into 5 nerves supplying the face

53
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

Pre-central gyrus

54
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

A

Post-central gyrus

55
Q

Recall the function of Wernicke’s area

A

Sensory - speech

56
Q

Recall the function of Broca’s area

A

Motor - speech

57
Q

Where are the colliculi seen on the brainstem?

A

Posteriorly, either side of pineal gland, on top of tectum

58
Q

Posteriorly, what is seen in the centre of the pons?

A

4th ventricle

59
Q

Recall some key distinguishing structures seen ANTERIORLY on the brainstem

A

Optic chiasm
Pituitary stalk
Mamillary bodies
Cerebral peduncles

LCRS Y2: Anatomy of the head, neck and spine (6 decks)

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