Updated Cardiology Practicum

Question 1

what is found in the mediastinum

Answer 1

heart
thymus
SVC
aorta
trachea

Question 2

what are the portions of the mediastinum

Answer 2

superior
anterior
inferior
middle
posterior

Question 3

where does the heart sit in the mediastinum

Answer 3

middle mediastinum

Question 4

what are the two layers of the pericardium

Answer 4

fibrous
serous

Question 5

what are the two layers of the serous pericardium

Answer 5

parietal and visceral

Question 6

what portion of the serous pericardium lines the fibrous part

Answer 6

parietal

Question 7

what portion of the serous pericardium lines the heart

Answer 7

visceral pericardium

Question 8

what nerve senses pain from the pericardium

Answer 8

phrenic nerve

Question 9

where does the phrenic nerve originate from

Answer 9

medulla; C3-C5

Question 10

what nerve senses pain from the heart muscle

Answer 10

T2-T4 spinal nerves

Question 11

why do we have referred pain during a heart attack

Answer 11

the T2-T4 spinal nerves have dermatomes along the shoulder and armpit

Question 12

what are the 6 surfaces of the heart

Answer 12

anterior/sternocostal
inferior/diaphragmatic
left pulmonary
right pulmonary
base
apex

Question 13

what are the 3 sulci of the heart

Answer 13

coronary
anterior interventricular
posterior interventricular

Question 14

what is the coronary sulcus

Answer 14

separates the atria from ventricle

Question 15

what does the anterior interventricular sulcus contain

Answer 15

great cardiac vein
anterior ventricular artery

Question 16

what does the posterior interventricular sulcus contain

Answer 16

middle cardiac vein

Question 17

what valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle

Answer 17

tricuspid valve (right AV valve)

Question 18

what valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle

Answer 18

bicuspid valve (mitral valve or left AV valve)

Question 19

what valve is between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Answer 19

pulmonary valve (semilunar valve)

Question 20

what valve is between the left ventricle and aorta

Answer 20

aortic valve

Question 21

what vessels carry deoxygenated blood towards the lungs

Answer 21

pulmonary arteries

Question 22

what vessels carry oxygenated blood towards the heart

Answer 22

pulmonary veins

Question 23

what does the right atrium receive

Answer 23

deoxygenated blood

Question 24

what muscle is found in the left and right atrium

Answer 24

pectinate muscles

Question 25

what do pectinate muscles do

Answer 25

help with contraction of the atrium

Question 26

what is the purpose of the auricle

Answer 26

flap on atria that increases surface area and helps with contraction common site for blood clots due to blood sitting in the reservoir

Question 27

fossa ovalis

Answer 27

right atrium

Question 28

foramen ovale

Answer 28

left atrium

Question 29

what is the embryologic remnant in the left/right atrium

Answer 29

foramen ovale/fossa ovalis

Question 30

pfo

Answer 30

common site of strokes for people whose fossa ovalis did not close at birth

Question 31

how is a pfo diagnosed

Answer 31

echo using a bubble study

Question 32

how does blood get from the right atrium to right ventricle

Answer 32

tricuspid valve

Question 33

how is the tricuspid valve supported

Answer 33

chordae tendinae held in place by papillary muscle attached to the trabeculae carnae

Question 34

what is the conus arteriosus

Answer 34

smooth area located near the pulmonary valve to help slow and direct blood down prior to entering the heart

Question 35

what happens in tetralogy of fallot

Answer 35

a genetic condition where arteries are misaligned causing blood flow to become more turbulent and increase blood pressure in the lungs

Question 36

what is special about the pulmonary valve

Answer 36

there is no chordae tendinae or papillary muscle attached to the cusps

Question 37

what closes the flaps on the pulmonary valve

Answer 37

back flow of blood

Question 38

where does oxygenated blood enter the heart

Answer 38

left atrium

Question 39

what is different about the left atrium's auricle

Answer 39

smoother, less pectinate muscle

Question 40

why is there less pectinate muscle in the left atrium

Answer 40

does not need as much force of pressure to get into the left ventricle

Question 41

what part of the heart separates the left and right atria

Answer 41

interarterial septum smooth area between the atria

Question 42

what valve does blood pass through to get from left atrium to left ventricle

Answer 42

mitral valve (bicuspid/L AV valve)

Question 43

why is the myocardium thicker in the left ventricle than the left atrium

Answer 43

more pressure and more contraction is needed to pump the blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body

Question 44

what happens if the left ventricle is hypertrophied

Answer 44

becomes hypercontractile and less blood can be sent to the body because it is not resting enough to fill diastolic heart failure

Question 45

where does the blood enter the aortic arch at

Answer 45

aortic valve

Question 46

where are beginnings of the aortic arteries found at

Answer 46

inside the aortic cusps

Question 47

how are the valves supported

Answer 47

fibrous rings

Question 48

what is between valves that also provide support

Answer 48

trigones

Question 49

what two arteries are the main arteries that supply blood to the heart

Answer 49

right coronary artery left coronary artery

Question 50

where does the right coronary artery originate from

Answer 50

aortic sinus (opening of the semilunar valve)

Question 51

what are the three main branches of the RCA

Answer 51

right marginal branch sinu-arterial nodal branch posterior interventricular branch

Question 52

what artery supplies the SA and AV node

Answer 52

sinu-arterial nodal branch of the RCA

Question 53

what does the RCA supply in the heart

Answer 53

right atrium right ventricle SA and AV node interarterial septum portion of the left atrium and tiny bit of the posterior inferior interventricular septum

Question 54

what are the four branches of the left coronary artery

Answer 54

circumflex branch left marginal artery of the circumflex branch anterior interventricular branch diagonal branch

Question 55

what is the artery that supplies most of the left ventricle

Answer 55

anterior interventricular branch of the LCA left anterior descending artery

Question 56

what happens if there is a blockage in the LAD

Answer 56

widow maker heart attack blood cannot get to the body

Question 57

how is heart dominance determined

Answer 57

where the posterior descending artery comes off of

Question 58

right heart dominance

Answer 58

right coronary artery

Question 59

left heart dominance

Answer 59

left coronary artery (more specifically the left circumflex)

Question 60

co dominant heart

Answer 60

RCA and left circumflex

Question 61

what veins are on the posterior side of the heart

Answer 61

small cardiac middle cardiac posterior cardiac

Question 62

what veins are on the anterior side of the heart

Answer 62

great cardiac vein anterior interventricular vein right marginal vein

Question 63

what does the right marginal vein become

Answer 63

small cardiac vein, ultimately drains into the coronary sinus

Question 64

where do the anterior veins need to travel to in order to drain

Answer 64

travel posteriorly to drain into the coronary sinus

Question 65

what are the nodes responsible for electrical activity in the heart

Answer 65

SA node AV node AV bundle purkinje fibers

Question 66

what is the pacemaker of the heart

Answer 66

SA node

Question 67

where is the SA node located

Answer 67

near the SVC of the right atrium

Question 68

where is the AV node located

Answer 68

near the coronary sinus within the AV septum

Question 69

where does the AV bundle travel along

Answer 69

interventricular septum

Question 70

what does the AV bundle turn into

Answer 70

left and right bundle branches

Question 71

what is the role of the purkinje fibers

Answer 71

spread the electrical signal through the left and right ventricles

Question 72

what makes up the cardiac plexus

Answer 72

branches of the vagus nerve and sympathetic trunk

Question 73

what innervates the vagus nerve

Answer 73

parasympathetic system

Question 74

what changes does the vagus nerve have on the heart

Answer 74

decreases heart rate

Question 75

what changes does the sympathetic branch have on the heart

Answer 75

increases heart rate and contractility

Question 76

what are baroreceptors

Answer 76

receptors on the heart that sense arterial stretch in order to regulate blood pressure

Question 77

what nerve innervates the aortic arch

Answer 77

CN X (vagus)

Question 78

what nerve innervates the carotid sinus

Answer 78

CNIX (hypoglossal)

Question 79

what do baroreceptors help with

Answer 79

orthostatic hypotension

Question 80

what are the three layers of the heart

Answer 80

epicardium myocardium endocardium

Question 81

what is the innermost layer of the heart

Answer 81

endocardium, continuous with the lining of blood vessels

Question 82

what is the outermost layer of the heart

Answer 82

epicardium

Question 83

what is the epicardium continuous with

Answer 83

visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Question 84

what is the importance of the myocardium

Answer 84

contractile portion of the heart made up of circular/spiral bundles of cardiac muscle cells

Question 85

what are intercalated discs

Answer 85

connecting junctions that contain desmosomes and gap junctions

Question 86

what is the importance of desomosomes

Answer 86

hold the cardiac cells together during contraction to prevent separation

Question 87

what are the importance of gap junctions

Answer 87

allow ions to pass from cell to cell

Question 88

what is the most important ion in heart contraction

Answer 88

calcium

Question 89

what allows the heart to function as one whole unit

Answer 89

intercalated discs