GU Anatomy

Question 1

where does the kidney sit in the body

Answer 1

sits between T12-T13 in the retroperitoneal space
right kidney sits lower because of liver on top

Question 2

where does the vascular supply from kidneys come from

Answer 2

renal arteries that come off abdominal aorta

Question 3

what drains the kidney

Answer 3

inferior vena cava

Question 4

what is important about perinephric fat

Answer 4

it is thicker on the posterior wall
on CT could show stranding which would indicate pyelonephritis/inflammation

Question 5

how does urine flow through kidneys

Answer 5

cortex
medulla
minor calyces
major calyces
renal pelvis
uretor

Question 6

where do the nephrons sit in the kidney

Answer 6

renal pyramids

Question 7

what are the three constrictions in the ureter

Answer 7

1. first; ureteropelvic junction
2. second; pelvic inlet
3. third; entrance to bladder

Question 8

what is significant about the constrictions in the ureter

Answer 8

areas where stones are likely to get stuck

Question 9

what type of muscle are ureters

Answer 9

smooth muscles

Question 10

what medications work on ureters

Answer 10

alpha blockers like tamsulosin that dilate the smooth muscle

Question 11

what area/dermatomes sense pain in kidney stones

Answer 11

T11-L2

Question 12

how does the bladder prevent backflow of urine

Answer 12

distal ends of ureters close when the bladder becomes distended

Question 13

what is clinically significant about the trigone in the bladder

Answer 13

areas that are likely to get infected because of urine coming in/out as well as urine just sitting

Question 14

what is the muscular layer of the bladder

Answer 14

detrusor muscle; contracts to push urine out when stimulated by parasympathetic nervous system

Question 15

where does urine exit through the bladder

Answer 15

bladder neck

Question 16

why do women get more bladder infections

Answer 16

urethra is much shorter so bacteria do not have to travel very far

Question 17

what are the four parts of the male urethra

Answer 17

1. preprostatic urethra
2. prostatic urethra
3. membranous part of the urethra
4. spongy urethra

Question 18

what is important about the preprostatic urethra

Answer 18

contains the internal urethral sphincter which prevents retrograde movement of bladder and semen

Question 19

what is important about the prostatic urethra

Answer 19

contains ducts from the prostate
the prostate secretes contents into the urethra and make up substances found in semen

Question 20

where does the membranous part of the urethra sit

Answer 20

deep perineal pouch

Question 21

what is important about the membranous part of the urethra

Answer 21

contains the external urethral sphincter which is controlled through voluntary movements
also contains bulbourethral gland/duct

Question 22

where does the bulbourethral gland/duct sit

Answer 22

in the deep perineal pouch
these secrete a mucous during ejaculation to help neutralize acid in urine to prevent sperm from being killed

Question 23

what is important about the spongy urethra

Answer 23

surrounded by corpus spongiosum which is the erectile tissue

Question 24

where are testes formed

Answer 24

formed in the abdomen in utero and descend through the inguinal canal

Question 25

what area is very prone to herniations

Answer 25

inguinal canal

Question 26

what are the two types of hernias that can happen in the inguinal canal

Answer 26

direct and indirect

Question 27

what is a direct inguinal hernia

Answer 27

intestines go directly through the abdominal wall occurs medial to epigastric artery

Question 28

what is an indirect inguinal hernia

Answer 28

intestines herniate through the scrotal sac occurs lateral to the epigastric artery

Question 29

hernia that occurs later to epigastric artery

Answer 29

indirect

Question 30

hernia that occurs medial to epigastric artery

Answer 30

direct

Question 31

what is the vascular network that surrounds the testes

Answer 31

pampiniform plexus; helps keep testes cool

Question 32

what are the two layers that cover the testes

Answer 32

tunica vaginalis tunica albuginea

Question 33

what is the tunica vaginalis

Answer 33

sac of peritoneum that is formed from the spermatic cord forms both parietal and visceral layer susceptible to hydrocele

Question 34

what is the tunica albuginea

Answer 34

forms the tough outer cover which contain septa these are the partitions

Question 35

what is the direction of sperm flow

Answer 35

seminiferous tubules straight tubule rete testes efferent ductules epididymis ductus/vas deferens ampulla prostatic urethra

Question 36

what merges together to form the ejaculatory duct

Answer 36

vas deferens and seminal vesicles

Question 37

what is important about the seminal vesicles

Answer 37

this is where we get the actual volume of seme

Question 38

what is prostate specific antigen

Answer 38

activates the sperm to swim

Question 39

what is found in semen

Answer 39

contains prostaglandins that decrease viscosity of mucous in cervix to stimulate reverse peristalsis contains relaxin to help stimulate sperm motility can suppress female immune response antimicrobial factors

Question 40

what is important about prostaglandins found in semen

Answer 40

helps stimulate peristalsis to move sperm into fallopian tubes

Question 41

what does relaxin do

Answer 41

stimulates sperm motility

Question 42

what are the two things that make up the body of the penis

Answer 42

corpora cavernosa corpus spongiosum

Question 43

what is corpora cavernosa

Answer 43

spongy erectile tissue has small vascular spaces that feel with blood during an erection

Question 44

what is the corpus spongiosum

Answer 44

surrounds the urethra keeps urethra open for semen to eject expands distally to form glans penis which also helps keep the urethra open

Question 45

what two things anchor the penis to the pelvis

Answer 45

crura bulb

Question 46

where does the crura attach

Answer 46

penis to pelvic wall

Question 47

where does the bulb attach

Answer 47

attaches to spongiosum which helps form deep perineal pouch

Question 48

what are the two muscles of the penis

Answer 48

ischiocavernous bulbospongious

Question 49

what does the ischiocavernous muscle do

Answer 49

constricts during an erection

Question 50

what does bulbospongious muscle do

Answer 50

helps push semen outward

Question 51

what nerve innervates the ischiocavernous muscle

Answer 51

pudendal nerve stimulated by S2-S4

Question 52

what are the two ligaments found in the penis

Answer 52

fundiform ligament suspensory ligament

Question 53

what does the fundiform ligament do

Answer 53

comes down and around extension of the fascia

Question 54

what does the suspensory ligament do

Answer 54

attaches to pubic symphysis helps maintain position during erection

Question 55

what are the two muscles found in the scrotum

Answer 55

dartos muscle cremaster muscle

Question 56

what does the dartos muscle do

Answer 56

helps prevent heat loss comes from spermatic cord; internal oblique; and elevates scrotum in the cold

Question 57

what does the cremaster reflex indicate

Answer 57

if there is testicular torsion or neurological damage to L1/L2

Question 58

what are the two triangles in the perineum

Answer 58

urogenital anal

Question 59

what does the midline raphe do

Answer 59

extends to scrotum that forms 2 pouches

Question 60

what is found in the scrotum

Answer 60

testes and epididymis

Question 61

what is cryptorchidism

Answer 61

failure of the testes to make the descent down inguinal canal

Question 62

what is circumsicion

Answer 62

surgical removal of the foreskin (prepuce)