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Heme Onc Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three main functions of blood

A

transportation
regulation
protection

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2
Q

importance of transportation of blood through the body

A

delivering O2 and nutrients to body cells
transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination
transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs

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3
Q

importance of regulation of blood through the body

A

maintaining body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
maintaining normal pH using buffers; alkalines reserve of bicarbnate ions
maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system

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4
Q

what are the agents of immunity that are carried in the blood

A

antibodies
complement proteins
white blood cells

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4
Q

what are the protection functions of blood

A

preventing blood loss and preventing infection

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5
Q

what is blood composed of

A

plasma
formed elements

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6
Q

characteristics of plasma

A

least dense component of blood
proteins –> albumin

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7
Q

what is the function of albumin

A

functions as a carrier of other molecules and helps contribute to oncotic pressure of plasma

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8
Q

what is found in the formed elements in the blood

A

buffy coat
erythrocytes

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9
Q

how much does plasma make up in the whole blood

A

55%

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10
Q

how much do erythrocytes make up in the whole blood

A

45%

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11
Q

what is oxyhemoglobin

A

when hemoglobin binds oxygen

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12
Q

what is deoxyhemoglobin

A

when hemoglobin releases oxygen

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13
Q

what is carbaminohemoglobin

A

when hemoglobin binds CO2 for transport

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14
Q

what gives the hemoglobin the red color

A

the heme group – it is attached to iron

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15
Q

what is found on the heme group

A

iron and oxygen

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16
Q

what is hemoglobin made up of

A

globin chains
2 alpha and 2 beta proteins

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17
Q

what influences leukopoiesis

A

interleukins and colony stimulating factors

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18
Q

what are interleukins

A

chemical messengers that influence leukopoeisis
activate and differentiate WBCs in response to inflammation or infection

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19
Q

what is leukopoiesis

A

the formation of white blood cells

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20
Q

what is hematopoiesis

A

the formation of blood cells in the bone marrow

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21
Q

what influences a hematopoietic stem cell

A

hormones or growth factors that cause the stem cells to differentiate into a myeloid or lymphoid progenitor cells

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22
Q

what do myeloid cells become

A

eosinophils
basophils
erythrocytes
monocytes
neutrophils
megakaryocyte

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23
Q

what are colony stimulating factors

A

helps stimulate the differentiation of WBCs
most common is gCSF - granulocyte-CSF which help form granulocytes in the bone marrow

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24
what are the two medications for CSF
fligrastim or neurogenic
25
what are reticulocytes
the baby red blood cells
26
what information does a reticulocyte count supply us with
can indicate the rate of blood cell formation and if the bone marrow is functioning correctly
27
what is the overview for erythropoiesis
stimulus kidney release EPO EPO stimulates red bone marrow enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count O2-carrying ability of blood cells rise
28
what events can stimulate the kidneys to release erythropoietin
hypoxia due to: decreased RBC count decreased amount of hemoglobin decreased availability of O2
29
how can we control RBC formation
by increasing our intake of nutrients and molecules like iron, B12, and folate
30
what is the most important factor for RBC formation
iron
31
what is iron ferritin
the storage form of iron, not available to the bone marrow
32
how does ferritin move around the body
transferrin
33
how is heme removed from the body
heme is degraded to bilirubin and the liver secretes bilirubin as bile into the intestines bile is then degraded to urobilinogen which is then transformed to stercobilin and exits the body through feces
34
broad view of heme degredation
heme -- bilirubin -- urobilinogen -- stercobilin -- feces
35
how is globin removed in the body
metabolized to form amino acids and then released into the circulation
36
how is iron removed in the body
recycled and reused; stored as ferritin and then released to blood from liver as needed for erythropoiesis
37
what are the granulocytes
neutrophils eosinophils basophils
38
what are the agranulocytes
lymphocyte monocyte
39
describe neutrophils
most numerous WBCs -- 50-70% of WBCs very phagocytic; kill microbes through a process called respiratory burst contain antimicrobial proteins called defensins or hydrolytic enzymes
40
what is respiratory burst
the neutrophil synthesizes potent oxidizing substances like bleach or hydrogen peroxide
41
describe eosinophils
think parasites release enzymes on large parasitic worms plays a role in allergies and asthma and immune response modulators
42
describe basophils
rarest of WBCs large purplish granules that contain histamine very similar to mast cells
43
describe lymphocytes
second most number WBCs, accounts for 25% mostly found in lymphoid tissue crucial to immunity two types -- T cells and B cells
44
what are T cells
act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells they mature in the thymus
45
what are B cells
give rise to plasma cell which produce antibodies mature in the bone marrow
46
describe monocytes
leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages actively phagocytic cells activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response
47
how are platelets formed
hematopoietic stem cell goes into megakaryoblast and then to megakaryocyte which breaks apart to become a platelet
48
what chemicals are involved in the clotting process
serotonin, calcium, enzymes, ADP, and platelet derived growth factors
49
what keeps the platelets inactive and mobile
nitric oxide and prostacyclin
50
where is NO and prostacyclin released from
the cells lining the blood vessels throughout the body when the blood vessel lining is cut, NO and prostacyclin are stopped being released
51
how are platelets activated and kept immobile
when NO and prostacyclin are stopped from being released, platelets will activate and stick to the tear
52
what protein regulates platelet formation
thrombopoietin
53
what is thrombopoietin
a hormone produced by the liver, huge indication on liver function alcoholics have low platelets because alcohol is destroying the liver
54
what are the steps in hemostasis
vessel wall injury and constriction platelet aggregation platelet plug formation and coagulation blood clot formation
55
what happens when there is vascular spasm
initial step in hemostasis there is constriction in the area, blood flow is not directed to the area triggered by direct injury to the local smooth muscles and vascular tissue
56
what happens in platelet plug formation
damage causes exposure to collagen fibers and platelets stick to collagen von Willebrand factor helps the platelets stick to the collagen fiber platelets then release: ADP, thromboxane, and serotonin
57
what do platelets release when they are stuck to collagen fibers
ADP - causing more platelets to come and stick thromboxane serotonin - enhances vascular spasm and platelet aggregation
58
where do aspirin and clopidogrel work
on platelet formation aspirin targets thromboxane A2
59
in what step of hemostasis does the clotting cascade begin
coagulation
60
what is the main goal of the clotting cascade
to develop a fibrin mesh
61
what is the extrinsic pathway
much faster involves factor 7 and tissue factor to activate 10a to activate thrombin
62
what is the common pathway
prothrombin gets turned into thrombin from factor 10a thrombin cleaves fibrinogen into fibrin monomers factor 13a brings fibrin monomers together to fibrin polymers
63
what is the intrinsic factor
contains the contact factors (collage, protein, etc) TENE-X
64
what factor is called the fibrin stabilizing factor
factor 13; reinforces polymer and clot
65
what does PT/INR measure
extrinsic and common pathway
66
what does PTT measure
intrinsic and common pathway
67
what is clot retraction
after some time, fibrin strands are pulled together at the site of the injury, which causes clot retraction this brings the skin together platelets that are there release platelet-derived growth factor and VEGF
68
what is platelet-derived growth factor
stimulates fibroblasts to rebuild smooth muscle and collagen
69
what is a newer target for cancer treatments and why
VEGF helps cancers build new blood vessels
70
what is the name of the body's regulation of coagulation
fibrinolysis
71
what is fibrinolysis
supports the breakdown of clots in the body and the regulation of clot formation main protein involved is plasminogen
72
what is plasminogen
main protein involved in fibrinolysis found in the clot itself, and is converted to plasmin which digests enzyme
73
what facilitates the breakdown of fibrinogen to fibrin
tissue plasminogen activator factor XII thrombin
74
what stimulates the production of antithrombin III
our body produces a natural heparin; removes thrombin and prevents further clotting
75
what does protein C do
inactivates factor V and VIII
76
what blood group is the universal donor
group o
77
what antibodies does type a blood have
antibodies to type b floating in the plasma
78
what antibodies does type b have
antibodies to type a in the plasma
79
what antibodies does type ab have
no antibodies in the blood
80
what antibodies does type o have in the plasma
antibody a and b
81
what blood type is the universal recepient
type AB because they have no antibodies floating in the blood
82
what blood types can type o blood receive
only type O because there are antibodies to both anti a and b
83
what does Rh+ indicte
indicates the presence of a d antigen most people are Rh+
84
what is the problem with Rh- mom
if the baby is Rh+, the mom's Rh- blood will attack the baby but it only happens after the first child
85
what factor allows for platelets to stick on the blood vessel
von Willebrand factor

Anatomy (8 decks)

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