unknown written flashcards
functionalism
concerned with how mental processes help people adapt to their environments
fixed action pattern
behavior that is relatively stereotyped and species-typical
what is based on the principles of classical conditioning
systematic desensitization
law of effect
if a response is followed by an annoying consequence, the animal will be less likely to emit that response in the future
if you don’t study for a test and fail it, you will study in the future
operant conditioning
reward learning based on the relationship of actions and their consequences
ex: a dog sits because it knows it will be given a treat
ex: a girl does not talk out of turn in class so she can go to recess
discriminative stimulus
in operant conditioning it indicates the organisms behavior will have consequences
ex: a bird will peck only on red keys if they know the green key will not give them food
theory of motivation
behavioral reinforcement occurs when. biological drive is reduced
variable interval
best when behavior is reinforced at the first response of made after a variable amount of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement
variable ratio
when a behavior is reinforced after a varying number of responses
what are the important factors when considering the effects of modeling on learning
attention
retention
reproduction
motivation
systematic desensitization
treats phobias by pairing object of fear with relaxation
modeling
therapeutic technique in which the client learns the appropriate behavior through imitating someone else
flooding
behavioral modification technique that is used to treat anxiety disorder by exposing the client to the anxiety inducing stimulus
someone scared of dogs is immediately put in a room with one and asked to pet it
what study is two point discrimination addressed in
cutaneous sensitivity
what does it mean if a scale has a +0.15 correlation with other standardized scales AND a +1.00 exists between the student who has taken it twice’s scores
low construct validity
high reliability
order effects
issue in research design where the order of the tasks influences the results
ANOVA
compares means of more than two groups though comparison of between group and within group variance
domain reference testing
what does it ask
criterion reference testing
what the test taker knows about a specific context domain
correlation coefficient
measures if two variables are related
ex: when it is summer, ice cream sales go up
counterbalancing
controls unintended order effects by administering variables in all possible sequences
standard error of measurement
how much on avg we expect observed score to vary from actual score
confounding variables
unintended IVs
ex: in weight gain, not only how much you eat, but gender
construct validity
how well a test measures the intended theoretical construct
phenomenon that refers to the approach to personality that focuses on group case studies
nomothetic
what is true if a distribution has low variability
SD is low
between-subjects design
different trials to different groups
within-subjects design
different trials to same groups
statistic
mean of a sample
parameter
mean of a population
what does it mean if a students test has a standard error measurement of 0
they will always score at a point that reflect their actual ability
factor analysis
uses correlation coefficients to reduce a large amount of variables to a few factors
alternate form method
using more than two forms of a test to determine reliability
demand characteristics
cues that suggest what the researcher expects from research participants
reliability
consistency of a test
ratio scale
real numbers with a true zero point
what are t scores
what is the mean
what is the standard deviation
scores converted to a normal distribution
mean is 50
standard deviation is 10
t tests
compares means of two groups
type 1 error
rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
type 2 error
failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false
significance test
test the probability of an observed difference
nominal scale
labels observations instead of quantifying them
external validity
generalizability
variance
SD squared
describes how much each score varies from the mean
deviation intelligence quotients
IQ score that tells us how far a person’s IQ score is from others their age
chi square test
testing for an association between 2 categorical variables
ex: are marriage and education level related
inferential stats
making an inference of the sample to provide an estimate of population characteristics
ex: asking 100 people on campus if they want to join greek like to make an assumption on the population of students at ECU
predictive validity
use of some criterion scores obtained in advance and validating them to scores obtained later
ex: GRE scores predicting future performance in grad school
criterion validity
how well the test can predict a person’s performance on an established test of the same skill or knowledge area
ex: job applicant taking a test during an interview, if the test accurately predicts how well they will perform on the job, it has criterion validity
sequential cohort study
studies groups of subjects from diff ages over time
control group design
treating both groups equally other than the fact that only one group gets the treatment
what kind of data is used when participants only choose one of something
nominal
what is true about z scores
mean of a distribution is 0
standard deviation is 1
68% fall between -1 and 1
96% fall between -2 and 2
what approach to personality focuses on individual case studies
idiographic
value hypothesis
risky shift occurs in situations where riskiness is valued
what is the classic study of group and intergroup reactions where development of group norms and interactions between groups were studied in depth
robber’s cave
social influence
presence of others affects your judgement of an event
ethology
study of animals in their natural environment
humanism
belief in notion of free will
people should be considered as wholes
self-perception theory
Bem’s theory that when attitudes yourself are weak, you observe their own behavior and attribute it to yourself
ex: I love to workout so I am healthy
fictional finalism
person is motivated more by their expectations of the future more than the values of past experiences
structuralism
refers to breaking consciousness into elements
what is the uncovering and discharge of repressed emotion
abreaction
semantic feature comparison model
when you have to quickly decide about categorizations to see if a test item is apart of a certain characteristic
ex: “birds fly”: most birds do fly, but some cannot
altruism
helping behavior where the intent s to benefit others at a cost to yourself
primacy effect
1st impressions are more important than subsequent impressions
functional autonomy
drives can become independent of their original motive
ex: man trying to perfect his craft
reaction formation
defense mechanism that when a repressed wish is warded off with it’s diametrical opposite
ex: acting like you hate the boy you have a crush on
actor observer effect
actors are seen as dispositional
observers are seen as situational
boomerang effect
attitude change in the opposite direction from the persuader’s message
what is instinctual drift
tendency for natural or instinctual behaviors to spontaneously reappear during conditioning trials
broca’s aphasia
impairments in producing spoken language
social comparison theory
tendency to evaluate the self in comparison with others drives affiliation
self- disclosure theory
refers to conditions that prohibit or facilitate the process of revealing intimate aspects of self
what is associated with attributing success to external causes
low self esteem
proprioception
sense of bodily position including vestibular and kinesthetic senses
ex: close your eyes and touch your nose or knowing if feet are on grass or concrete
termperament
ind diffs have a genetic basis which is the foundation of personality
supression
CONSCIOUS form of forgetting
protection motivation theory
proposed that an appeal to fear produces an attitude change under particular conditions
ex: stopping smoking when getting lung cancer
isomorphism
1-1 correspondent between the object in perceptual field and the pattern of stimulation in the brain
pairing only one object in A with one object in B
psychodynamic/ psychoanalytic theory
existence of the unconscious internal states that motivate overt actions of people
determines personality
equity theory
we expect to be rewarded for good behavior and punished for bad behavior
feel guilty when equity is not present
consistency theory
people prefer consistency between attitudes and behaviors and will chance or resist changing based on this preference
what is used by cognitive psychologists to measure cognitive processes
latency
eye movements
gaze durations
semantic recognition
behavioral contracts
therapy style that is a negotiated agreement by 2 parties that stipulates the behavioral change desired and lists consequences of certain actions
paradoxical intervention
therapy technique that makes the client do the activity they are seeking treatment for
transference
thinking your therapist will do things to you that others have done to you in the past
countertransference
in psychoanalysis:
therapist experiences emotions in response to the patients’ transference
aphaGia
impairment in the ability to eat
somatoform disorder
presence of physical symptoms not related to medical condition
ex: hypochondria
conversion disorders
unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor of sensory functions
used to be referred to as hysteria
ex: thinking you fell of your bike and not moving your arm
disassociative disorder (multiple personality disorder)
2+ personalities that recurrently take control of a person’s behavior
what is classified as a neurodevelopment disorder in the DSMV
adhd
tourettes
asd
intellectual disability
prodromal phase
phase before schizophrenia is diagnosed, characterized by poor adjustment
what is classified as a disassociative disorder in the DSMV
amnesia
fugue
identity disorders
depersonalization
double blind hypothesis
people with schizophrenia receive contradictory messages from caregivers during childhood which makes them see their perceptions as unreliable
schizoid personality disorder
detached from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression
agoraphobia
fear of leaving the house and spending time in populated areas because of fear of having a panic attack and not being able to escape
norepinephrine
controls alertness and wakens
involved in implicating mood disorders such as depression and mania
dopamine hypothesis
biochemical explanation for schizophrenia that suggests symptoms associated arise form an excess of dopamine activity at certain cites in the brain
acrophobia
irrational fear of heights
preparedness
inborn tendency to associate certain stimuli with certain consequences
ex: phobias related to survival are easier to induce in the lab
fetal period
last stage of prenatal development
marked by measurable brain activity
lutenizing hormone
surge causes ovulation
prepares for pregancy
germinal period
first 2 weeks
period of rapid cell division
ends with implantation of cellular mass into uterine wall
phylogeny
evolutionary development in humans
reactance
when social pressure to behave in a particular way threatens a persons sense of freedom, they will react in a way to reassert that freedom
ex: sneaking out when parents give a curfew
embryonic stage
3rd stage embryo increases in size dramatically develop human appearance limb motion produces androgen in baby boy testes embryo develops nerve cells in the spine
zygote
single fertilized cell created in conception when sperm and egg cells combine
progesterone
prepares for pregnancy
secretion regulated by luteinizing hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
gonadtropin that
stimulate ovaries through follicular growth and estrogen secretion
development of primary sex hormones
pheromones
communicate with other animals
hormones
communicate with a single organism
what is the neural basis for pitch perception
location on the basilar membrane that vibrates
what are current views on feature detectors in auditory and visual systems
feature detectors have been clearly demonstrated in both modalities
frequency
number of sound wave cycles per second
measured in hertz
what are the four basic components of language
phonology
syntax
semantics
pragmatics
pitch
subjective experience of the frequency of sound
makes things sound higher or lower
where do high frequency sounds maximally vibrate on the basilar membrane
beginning of the cochlea, near the oval window
where do low frequency sounds maximally vibrate on the basilar membrane
near the apex
what are dichotic listening tasks used to study
selective attention
ex: one message in each ear, only pay attention to one of them
intensity
amplitude or height of air pressure wave and its related loudness
linguistic relativity hypothesis (whorfian hypothesis)
our perception of reality is determined by the content of language
ex: sexism in language due to fireMAN policeMAN
aphasias language disorders are in what part of the brain?
Brocas and wernickes areas
syntax
grammatical arrangement of words in sentences
ex: S+V+DO, or she is a person v she am a person
semantics
literal meaning of words and sentences
what is a morpheme
smallest part of a word that has meaning
“un” “break” “able” has three
what is a phoneme
smallest sound of unit in language
a letter
what part of memory is being tested when you take a multiple choice test
recognition
iconic memory
visual sensory memory that fades quickly
ex: you look at tori scrolling through insta and can close your eyes and see the picture
law of pragnanz
perceptual organization is as good as possible
levels of processing theory
what are they analyzed in
deeper information is encoded, the longer we will remember it
sensory memory (listening in class) short term memory (reading/ taking notes in class) long term memory (elaboration)
generation recognition model
recall tasks tap the same basic process of assessing information in memory as recognition tasks, they just involve an extra step
field independence & field dependence
field independent people: rely less on others for support
field dependent people: learning in a social way
ex: I am field independent
Atkinson shiffrin model
composed of: sensory memory (1-3 secs) short term memory (15-30 secs) long term memory (1 sec-lifetime)
ex: autistic savants do not have to rehearse to get things into long term memory
top down processing
environment influences thinking
when people recognize objects by using conceptual processes such as memory, or expectations about the whole object
ex: bad handwriting is easier to read in sentences rather than words
ex: stroop effect
semantic memory
declarative memory that deals with remembering general knowledge
especially the meaning of words and sentences
ex: knowing that grass is green
declarative memory
fact memory
dissonance theory
tendency to change thoughts or behaviors in response to those perceived consistencies
ex: vaping but I know it is bad for me, I am in a state of dissonance
agnosia
impairment in perceptual recognition
ex: seeing a coffee and can touch it but not name it
adaptive control of thought model (ACT model)
describes memory in terms of procedural and declarative memory
ex: tori gave the pink phone to charli, who is VP, can be broken down into
- tori gave charli the phone
- the phone is pink
- charli is VP3
paivo’s dual code hypothesis
abstract info is encoded verbally
concrete info is encoded visually
ex: when thinking of a dog, you can say the word dog or think of an image
iconic and echoic memory
refer to the brief storage of events at the sensory level, prior to encoding at a deeper level
- iconic is sensory memory for vision
- echoic is sensory memory for hearing
auditory memory
echoic memory
eidetic memory
photographic memory
elaborative rehearsal
process of organizing information and associating it with what you already know to put it in long term memory
bottom up processing
retrieval of sensory information from environment to build perceptions
Ex: you see the shape of a B and know that it is B
perceptual sets
expectations we have about perception due to past experiences
what is an example of a schema
never seeing a sparrow but calling it a bird because it has wings
what is the primary deficit in anterograde amnesia
impairment of recalling new events
proactive inhibition
what you learned before effects what you are learning now
ex: unable to remember a friend’s new phone number because you learned her last one
retroactive inhibition
what you are learning now effects what you learned earlier
ex: if I took a Spanish class, I would not remember how to speak French
what lobe of the brain deals with problem solving and reasoning
frontal lobe
what increased activity bring about fight or flight
SNS
ex: scared seeing a snake, sympathetic
what is the result of damage to the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus
hyperphagia aka overeating
what sensory systems are involved with AFFERENT pathways
ALL sensory systems
what lobe deals with somasensatory processing
parietal lobe
projection area
receives incoming sensory info
sends out motor impulse commands
phrenology
study of psychological functions in areas of the brain
characteristics in people are attributed to the shape of their brain
ACH
found in CNS and PNS
linked to alzheimers
transmits nerve impulses to muscles, helps with learning and memory
sedative hypnotic drugs
slows down CNS by sending GABA
reduces anxiety
tricyclic antidepressants
transmit norepinephrine and serotonin at the synapse
parallel distributed process
info processing is distributed across the brain and is done in a parallel fashion
- processing several pieces at once rather than at different times
ex: you see a face, not eyes, nose, lips etc
wernickes aphasia
impairment in UNDERSTANDING spoken languages
rebound effect
when you are deprived of REM sleep, you will spend more time in REM sleep at a later time
behavioral stimulants
increase behavioral activity by increasing motor activity or counterbalancing fatigue
stimulates receptors for norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin
absolute threshold
minimum of stimulus energy needed to activate a sensory system
smallest amount of energy needed to detect the stimulus half the time
genes
located on chromosomes
basic units of transmitting heredity
hyperpolarization
increase in membrane potential that decreases possibility of generating a nerve impulse
makes the cell membrane more negative
innate releasing mechanism
serves to connect the stimulus with the right response
ex: when a dog sees a cat running away from them, their IRM tells them to chase it because it is automatic and instinctual
interneurons
in the spinal cord
connect sensory neurons to motor neurons which forms the reflex arc
proximal stimulus
info our sensory reception receives about the object
ex: light reflecting off the page of a book that stimulates photoreceptors and retina
connectionism
theory of information that is compared to a complex neural network
apraxia
impairment in the organization of voluntary action
ex: unable to brush your hair
mental chronometry
measures the time between a stimulus presentation and reaction time
ex: time between answering that a pigeon is a bird, and answering that a penguin is a bird
motor neurons
transmit motor commands from the brain to muscles along EFFERENT fibers
diploid cells
contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
Stevens power law
relates intensity of stimulus and sensation
single cell recording
records the response cell by placing a microelectide in the cortex
signal detection theory
non sensory factors such as attitudes, expectations and knowledge can influence sensory perception
we notice things based on how much we are paying attention AND how strong they are
sign stimulus
brings about a particular FAP
ex: fish with a red belly gives the rival the sign stimulus to attack that fish
transduction
physical energy is translated to neural impulses or action potential
2nd step in sensory information processing
sensory memory
fleeting impressions of sensory stimuli
includes iconic and echoic memory
psychophysics
measures the relationship between physical stimuli and psychological responses to it
- measures absolute threshold
ex: giving the participant the smallest amount of watermelon to see if they can taste it
reception
first step in all sensory information processing
each sensory system has receptors that react to physical external energy
which stimuli trigger the start of a behavior
consummatory, sign, supernormal, releaser
what is semantic priming
idea that nodes are primed by the activation of nearby nodes when exposed to related words
what reinforcement schedule is hardest to extinguish
VR
resting potential
waiting to be transformed into a nerve impulse
what produces the gonadotropic hormones
pituitary gland
law of specific nerve energies
each sensory nerve is excited by one and only one type of nerve energy
neurocognitive disorder
loss of intellectual functioning
depolarization
2nd stage in firing cycle
anytime the membrane’s voyage moves toward a neutral charge of 0 MV
what is the opponent process theory
the appearance of afterimages of different colors than the original stimulus
what does the blind spot refer to
the area where the optic nerve connects with the retina
induced motion
illusion of movement occurring when everything around the spot of light is moved
what is used to study visual perception in infants
preferential looking
what is the main difference between the theory of color vision put forth by Hemholtz and that put forth by Hering?
Hering’s theory emphasizes the importance of three opposing pairs of color receptors
RG, BY, black white
lateral inhibition
process of inhibiting the response of adjacent retinal cells resulting in sharpening and highlighting of the borders between light and dark areas
duplexity/duplicity theory of color vision
retina contains two types of photoreceptors
emmert’s law
describes relationship between size constancy and apparent distance
the farther away the object appears to be, the more the scaling device in the brain will compensate for its retinal size by enlarging our perception of the object
motion parralax
cue for depth perception that occurs during movement when objects closer to the door appear to move
phi phenomenon
illusion of movement when two dots are flashed in different locations on a screen seconds apart and are perceived as one moving dot
subtractive color mixture
occurs when we mix pigments
two point thresholds
min distance between two points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be perceived as two different stimuli
size constancy
when an object appears to retain its size despite its image on the retina changing in size
what should one do to perceive fine details of an object in full daylight
look so that the image falls directly on the fovea
visual agnosia
impairments in visual recognition whereby you can see an object and not recognize it
