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PSYCHOLOGY GRE TEST PREP > important people > Flashcards

important people Flashcards

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1
Q

who is associated with the inferiority complex?

A

adler

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2
Q

proposed the gain-loss principle that states: an evaluation that changes will have more effect than one that remains constant

A

Aronson and Linder

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3
Q

developed self-perception theory as an alternative to cognitive dissonance theory

A

bem

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4
Q

who’s empirical studies led to traveling theory of pitch perception, which supported Hemholtz’s place-resonance theory

A

Bekesky

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5
Q

discovered and studied instinctual drift

A

Breland and breland

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6
Q

investigated the role of schemata in memory and determined that memory is largely a reconstructive process

A

bartlett

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7
Q

who coined the term schizophrenia

A

bleuler

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8
Q

proposed filter theory of attention

A

broadbent

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9
Q

developed list of depth cues that help us perceive depth

A

Berkeley

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10
Q

developed social learning theory after studying observational learning
focuses on learning through social contexts

A

bandura

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11
Q

what is bandura’s theory of vicarious reinforcement?

A

individuals can learn new behaviors by watching other people’s behaviors being reinforced

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12
Q

distinguished between surface and deep structures of a sentence; studied transformational rules that could be used to transform one sentence into another

A

chomsky

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13
Q

what term did Chomsky coin

A

transformational grammar

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14
Q

studied ANS’s fight or flight reactions, investigated homeostasis, and proposed the cannon bard theory of emotions

A

cannon

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15
Q

who is credited with the first inference of the existence of synapses

A

sherrington

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16
Q

devised the spreading activation model of semantic memory

A

collins and Loftus

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17
Q

developed the levels of processing theory of memory as an alternative to the stage theory of memory

A

craik and lockhart

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18
Q

proposed that social influence and diffusion of responsibility lead to nonhelping

A

Darley and Latane

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19
Q

discovered that gender differences in conformity are due to differing social roles

A

eagly

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20
Q

studied memory using nonsense syllables and the method of savings; developed the forgetting curve

A

Ebbinghaus

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21
Q

what are Eysenck’s two major dimensions of personality?

A

stability and introversion

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22
Q

what did Fechner do?

A

quantified weber’s statement of the relationship between stimulus and sensation

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23
Q

who’s existential approach to therapy center around meaningfulness?

A

victor frankl

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24
Q

who coined the term cognitive dissonance?

A

fechner

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25
Q

in Freud’s structural dynamic model of personality, what are the unconscious mechanisms that deny, falsify and distort reality?

A

defense mechanisms

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26
Q

what is the primary process in Freud’s structural dynamic model of personality?

A

id’s response to frustration that says to obtain satisfaction now not later

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27
Q

what is the secondary process in Freud’s structural dynamic model of personality?

A

the ego’s mode of functioning that postpones the discharge of energy until the object that will satisfy the need is discovered or produced

ex: you think about pizza all of class, and after class you go get pizza

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28
Q

what is ego psychology

A

branch of psychoanalytic theory that emphasizes ego is self-governing

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29
Q

what is the id

A

devil on the shoulder; primary process

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30
Q

what is the ego

A

balance between id and superego

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31
Q

what is the superego

A

angel on the shoulder; morals

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32
Q

who’s therapy technique uses free association, dream interpretation, analysis of transference and analysis resistance

A

freud

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33
Q

who put forth the idea that centers on the desire to receive dissonance between behaviors and cognitions

A

festinger

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34
Q

what is the cognitive dissonance theory?

A

change cognitions to match behaviors

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35
Q

who studied depth cues (especially texture gradients) that help us perceive depth

A

gibson

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36
Q

proposed multiple intelligences theory that divides intelligence into 7 types which are equally important?

A

gardner

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37
Q

how many of Gardner’s 7 intelligences does IQ measure?

A

2

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38
Q

who is most closely associated with phrenology?

A

gall

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39
Q

who believed development was mainly due to maturation

A

gesell

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40
Q

what is the central tenant of the gestalt school?

A

the concept of mind and other mentalistic terms are meaningless

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41
Q

who studied feature detection in visual cortex and discovered: simple, complex and hypercomplex cells

A

hubel and weisel

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42
Q

who developed the balance theory that explains why attitudes change

A

heider

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43
Q

who developed the attribution theory that divides attributions into dispositional and situational

A

heider

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44
Q

what is heider’s attributional theory?

A

people infer the causes of others behaviors to be situational or dispositional

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45
Q

studied attitude change

A

hovland

46
Q

what is Jung associated with

A

collective unconscious
introversion v extroversion
archetypes
anima and animus

47
Q

what does Jung’s archetype include

A

persona, shadow, anima, animus

48
Q

what is Jung’s collective unconscious

A

idea that all humans share an unconscious from our earlier ancestors

49
Q

who studied group decision making and group think?

A

janis

50
Q

who developed field theory

A

lewin

51
Q

who developed the theory of isomorphism and studied problem solving and insight

A

kohler

52
Q

who’s experiments of chimps showed that they are capable of state-dependent learning?

A

kohler

53
Q

who studied loss of normal fear and rage reactions by bilaterally removing the amygdala

A

Kluver and Bucy

54
Q

who conducted a longitudinal study to examine the developmental trajectories of child temperament?

A

Kagan

55
Q

who investigated the use of heuristics in decision making and studied the availability and representativeness heuristics

A

kahneman and tversky

56
Q

who demonstrated that simple learning behaviors in sea snails is associated with changes in neurotransmission

A

kandel

57
Q

what hypothesis did kandel’s study of sea slug aplysia support?

A

basic changes in neural pathways occur within changes of learning and memory

58
Q

who developed a framework for classifying mental disorders in the 19th century, which the DSMV stemmed from?

A

kraeplin

59
Q

who divided leadership into autocratic, democratic and laissez faire?

A

Lewin

60
Q

what did Lewin’s study of leadership styles show

A

autocratic leaders create more hostility than democratic leaders

61
Q

who proposed belief in a just world

A

lerner

62
Q

what Russian neurologist studied how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory, motor and language functions

A

luria

63
Q

who was an ethologist that studied unlearned instinctual behaviors in the natural environment and imprinting in birds?

A

lorenz

64
Q

studied eyewitness memory and concluded that our memories can be altered by presenting new information by asking misleading questions

A

Loftus

65
Q

used the water jar problem to study the effect of mental sets on problem solving

A

luchens

66
Q

studied obedience through asking participants to administer electroshock

A

milgram

67
Q

who proposed stimulus overload theory to explain differences between city and country dwellers

A

milgram

68
Q

who’s theory of personality believes that the trait theory is based on flawed assumptions about the consistency of human behavior across situations?

A

mischel

69
Q

who criticized personalty tests because he believed traits were less important than situational factors

A

Mischel

70
Q

studied how psychological inoculation can help people resist persuasion

A

mcguire

71
Q

studied anterograde amnesia in HM who’s hippocampus and temporal lobes were removed to control epilepsy

A

milner

72
Q

proposed gate theory of pain

A

melzack and wall

73
Q

developed TAT, which is associated with the need to achieve

A

Morgan and murray

74
Q

what is Mcguire’s analogy of inoculation

A

people can be psychologically inoculated against an argument by first exposing them to a weakened argument

75
Q

studied political norms

A

newcomb

76
Q

found pleasure center in the brain by using self stimulation studies in rats

A

olds and milner

77
Q

what is Piaget’s stage concerned with the understanding of conservation

A

concrete operational

78
Q

what is the order of Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, formal,

79
Q

who is a Canadian neurosurgeon that used electrodes and electrical stimulations to map out different parts of the brain during surgery

A

penfield

80
Q

who developed the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion which is divided to Central and Peripheral routes

A

Cacciopo & Petty

81
Q

developed client-centered therapy which is based on unconditional positive regard

A

rogers

82
Q

who investigated the label of being mentally ill and had pseudo patients admitted into the mental hospital

A

rosenhann

83
Q

believed that development can unfold without help from society

A

rouseau

84
Q

performed experiments that showed that contiguity cannot fully explain classical conditioning, leading him to propose the contingency theory of classical conditioning

A

rescorla

85
Q

developed a projective personality test using sentence completion

A

rotter

86
Q

who made the triarchic theory of intelligence?

A

sternberg

87
Q

what aspects are in Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence

A

componential (performance on a test)
experiental (creativeness)
contextual (street smarts)

88
Q

what is spearman’s g

A

individual diff in intelligence that refers to a general unitary factor of intelligence

89
Q

who investigated functional differences between left and right cerebral hemispheres using split brain studies?

A

Sperry and Gazzaninga

90
Q

who formulated learned helplessness theory of depression

A

seligman

91
Q

who was an English physiologist that first inferred that there is synaptic communication between neurons

A

Sherrington

92
Q

developed concept of ratio IQ

A

stern

93
Q

developed strong-cambell interest inventory that assesses interest in different lines of work

A

strong and cambell

94
Q

refined ROC curves in signal detection theory

A

Swets

95
Q

studied relationship between anxiety and need for affiliation

A

Schacter

96
Q

developed steven’s power law as an alternative to Fechner’s law

A

stevens

97
Q

conducted a longitudinal study on gifted children, and revised the Binet Simon IQ test to make it the Stanford-binet IQ test

A

Terman

98
Q

who was an ethologist who introduced experimental methods into field situations

A

Tinbergen

99
Q

proposed law of effect and used puzzle boxes to study problem solving in cats

A

Thorndike

100
Q

performed experiment on little Albert to show that the acquiring of phobias can be due to classical conditioning

A

Watson

101
Q

what did Watson use to study behavior

A

simple observation
conditioned reflex studies
instrumental control studies
verbal reports on visceral reactions

102
Q

whose goal of behaviorism is to predict the response if the stimulus is known?

A

Watson

103
Q

who believed that an analyst must serve as an object onto which hostile impulses are projected

A

winnicott

104
Q

developed systematic desensitization to eliminate phobias

A

Wolpe

105
Q

who developed sociobiology

A

wilson

106
Q

who developed intelligence tests for different ages such as the WPPI, WISC, WAIS

what 3 IQ deviations do these tests yield

A

weschler

verbal IQ
performance IQ
scale IQ

107
Q

who proposed volley theory of pitch perception in response to a criticism of the frequency theory of pitch perception

A

Wever and Bray

108
Q

who introduced the idea of JND

A

Weber

109
Q

who founded the first official lab for psychology in Leipzig in 1879

A

Wundt

110
Q

what researcher would say that their hypothesis on language would show that an adolescent raised in a culture with no word for snow would call it “white rain”

A

Whorf

111
Q

who studied mere exposure effect

A

Zajonc

112
Q

who solved problems with social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances good responses and impairs bad responses

A

zajonc

PSYCHOLOGY GRE TEST PREP (6 decks)

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