key concepts in tables Flashcards
aphasia
brocas aphasia
wernickes aphasia
impairment in language functions
disturbs ability to produce language
disturbs ability to understand language
amnesia
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
impairment of memory functions
disturbs memory for events after brain injury occurs
disturbs memory for events before brain injury occurs
agnosia
visual agnosia
tactile agnosia
impairment in perceptual recognition of objects
disturbs visual recognition
disturbs touch recognition
James lange theory of emotion
we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike and afraid because we tremble
cannon bard theory of emotion
emotions reflect physiological arousal of the ANS and specific neural circuits in the brain
seeing a snake makes you scared
shatter-singer theory of emotion
unspecified physiological arousal will be labeled as different emotions depending on mental response to environmental stimulation
SHERIF:
strategy used?
result?
auto kinetic effect
individuals’ estimates of movements conform to groups
ASCH:
strategy used?
result?
comparing length of lines
subjects yield to group pressure and choose incorrect line
MILGRAM:
strategy used?
result?
asks subjects to administer electroshock to other person
subjects shock other person and majority continued to shock up to max voltage
zygote
sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell and forms a single cell called the zygote, which is implanted into the Fallopian tubes
germinal period
fertilized egg travels down Fallopian tubes and is then implanted in the uterine wall
embryonic period
embryo increases size by 2 million%
begin to develop human appearance
begin to move limbs
testes or ovaries in baby are produced by androgens
fetal period
begins in the 3rd month
measurable brain activity in fetus
rooting
turn head in the direction of stimuli applied to cheek
moro
baby hugging themself
babinski
toes curl and spread apart
grasping
grabbing something placed in their hand
oral stage of psychosexual development
libidinal energy centers on mouth
fixation leads to dependency
anal stage of psychosexual development
potty training
fixation leads to excessive orderliness or messiness
phallic stage of psychosexual development
oedipal conflict is resolved
latency stage of psychosexual development
libido is largely sublimated
genital stage of psychosexual development
begins at puberty
if previous stages resolved properly, they will enter normal heterosexual relations
structuralism
key people:
important info:
tichner
breaks consciousness into elements using introspection
functionalism
key people:
important info:
James and dewey
studies how mind functions improve and adapt to environments
behaviorism
key people:
important info:
Watson and skinner
psychopathology as an objective study of behavior
gestalt psychology
key people:
important info:
worthheimer, kohler, Kafka
whole is different than the sum of the parts
cognitivism
key people:
important info:
Chomsky
humans think, believe and are creative
psychoanalysis
key people:
important info:
freud, jung, adler
behavior is a result of unconscious conflicts, repression and defense mechanisms
humanism
key people:
important info:
Maslow and rogers
looks at people as wholes
people have free will
psychologists should also study mentally healthy people
systems psychology
key people:
important info:
baker battson
human behavior must be considered within the context of complex systems
applications include IO psych and family therapy
lateral hypothalamus
hunger center
lesions lead to aphagia: lacking hunger
ventromedial hypothalamus
saciety center
lesions lead to hyperphagia: very hungry
anterior hypothalamus
sexual activity center
lesions lead to inhibition of sexual activity: asexuality
septal nuclei
pleasure center identified by olds and milner
inhibits agression
lesions produce septal rage
amygdala
Kluver and Bucy
defensive and aggressive behavior
lesions produce docility and hyper sexual states
hippocampus
memory
lesions produce anterograde amnesia
visual system
RH: letters and words
LH: faces
auditory system
RH: language related sounds
LH: music
language
RH: speech, reading, writing, math
LH: emotions
movement
RH:complex voluntary movement
spatial processes
LH: creativity and sense of direction
what behavior and disorder are associated with acetylcholine?
voluntary muscle control
alzheimers
what behavior is associated with epinephrine (adrenaline)?
fight or flight
what behavior and disorder are associated with norepinephrine (nonadrenalines)?
wakefulness and alertfulness
depression and mania
what behavior and disorder are associated with dopamine?
smooth movements and steady posture
schizophrenia and parkinsons
what behavior and disorder are associated with seratonin?
mood, sleep, eat, dream
depression and mania
what behavior and disorder are associated with GABA?
stabilizes brain
anxiety disorders
what behavior is associated with endorphin (peptide)?
natural pain killer
hypothalamus gland
controls release of pituitary hormones
pituitary gland
master gland which secretes hormones in many other glands
thyroid gland
affects metabolism, growth and development
adrenal medulla gland
produces adrenaline
fight or flight response
ovary gland
estrogen stimulates female sex characteristics
progesterone prepares uterus for embryo implantation
testicular gland
testosterone produces male sex characteristics
relevant to sexual arousal
testosterone
maturing of male genitalia
production of sperm
growth of facial and pubic hair
estrogen
maturing of female genitalia
growth of breasts
growth of uterine lining
progesterone
maintenance of uterine lining
gonadotrophin
increased production of hormones by testes or ovaries
FSH
development of ovarian follicle
LH
occupation
absolute threshold
amount of stimulus energy needed to perceive something
difference threshold
amount of stimulus energy that needs to be added or subtracted from a stimulus for a person to say that they perceive a DIFFERENCE
JND
one JND needs to be added or subtracted from a stimulus for someone to say that they notice a difference
webers law
what’s important in producing JND is the ratio of the absolute stimuli
receptors
respond to physical stimuli
transduction
translates physical energy to neural impulses
projection areas
brain areas that further analyze sensory input
simple cells respond to _______
orientation
complex cells respond to _______
movement
hyper-complex cells respond to _______
shape
illumination
an OBJECTIVE measurement of the amount of light falling on a surface
brightness
a SUBJECTIVE impression of the intensity of a stimulus
dark adaptation
controlled by regeneration of rhodospin
lateral inhibition
adjacent retinal cells inhibit one another
sharpens and highlights borders between dark and light areas
young-hemholtz trichromatic theory
red blue and green color receptors
hering opponent process theory
three opposing pairs that are red-green, blue-yellow and black-white
interposition
if one object covers another, the partially hidden object will be seen as further away
relative size
comparison of retinal size of the object to actual size of the object gives us depth perception
linear perspective
parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance
texture gradients
as scene receded from the viewer, the surface texture of the objects appear to change
motion parralax
when observer moves, objects appear more relevant to distance from observer
binocular disparity
each eye sees a slightly different scene and when compared we can perceive depth
bottom up processing
data driven
responds directly to incoming stimuli on the basis of fixed rules and then sums up the components to arrive at the whole pattern
seeing B in between 12 and 14 and wondering if it is 13
top down processing
concept driven
guided by conceptual processes such as memories and expectations that allow the brain to recognize whole objects and their components
seeing B as B
apparent motion
when 2+ lights flicker, they are seen as one moving unit
induced motion
stationary point of light moves when the background moves
autokinectic effect
stable point of light when viewed in a dark room is perceived to move
motion aftereffect
when you look at something for a long time, it will move the other direction when the motion stops
preferential looking in infant perception
two stimuli presented side by side
if the infant looks longer at one, they can perceive the difference
habituation in infant perception
stimulus is presented, infant stops looking, new stimulus is presented, if the infant looks at it they can tell the difference between old and new
animal experiments in infant perception
assesses contribution of nature and nurture to the development of vision
OBJECTIVE DIMENSIONS
- frequency
- intensity
number of sound wave cycles per second measured in hertzes
amplitude of the sound wave measured in decibels
SUBJECTIVE DIMENSIONS
- pitch
- loudness
- timbre
subjective experience to the frequency of sound
subjective experience to the intensity of sound
refers to the quality of sound
why classical conditioning works
-contiguity
CS and UCS are near in time
why classical conditioning works
-contingency
CS is a good signal for UCS
why classical conditioning works
-blocking
CS is a good signal for UCS and provides non redundant information about the recurrence of the US
fixed ratio schedule
behavior reinforced after a fixed number of responses
ex: delivery reward every 5th response
variable ratio schedule
behavior reinforced after a varying number of responses
ex: slot machine
fixed internal schedule
behavior reinforces for the first response after a fixed period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement
ex: bi monthly pay at work
variable interval schedule
behavior reinforced for the first response after a varying time period has elapsed since the last reinforcement
ex: boss checking in at random times to check your work
flooding
directly forcing client to experience the feared object
implosion
making the client imagine the feared object
systematic desensitization
making the client imagine the feared object while remaining in a relaxed state
conditioned aversion
pairing conditioned stimulus with an aversive unconditioned stimulus
contingency management
attempt to change the clients behavior by altering the consequences of said behavior
behavioral contract
written agreement that states consequences of certain acts
useful in resolving inner conflicts
premack principle
using more preferred activity to reinforce a less preferred activity
thorndike’s problem solving
problem solving is due to to trial and error learning
kohler’s problem solving
problem solving is insightful
Tolman’s cognitive maps
mental images of physical spaces
Bandura’s observational learning
observing others behavior affects your behavior
Garcia’s preparedness
animals are prepared to learn connections between certain stimuli
Breland and Breland instinctual drift
innate ways of behaving are able to override operant conditioning
reproductive fitness
accounts for the number off offspring that live old enough to reproduce
atruism is problematic
inclusive fitness
accounts for the number off offspring that live old enough to reproduce AND other relatives that live to reproductive age
altruism is not problematic
reaction time
elapsed time between stimulus presentation and subject’s response to it
eye movements
“on-line” measure of information processing
brain imaging
used to associate various cognitive process with various parts of the brain
maintenance rehearsal
repeating information
keeping it in short term memory
elaborative rehearsal
organizing information and associating it with what you already know to put it with information already in long-term memory
putting it into long term memory
short-term memory encoding of verbal material is likely to be based on what?
phonology
long-term memory encoding of verbal material is likely to be based on what?
meaning
semantic verification task
used to investigate the organization of semantic memory
spreading activation model
semantic memory organized into map of inter completed concepts; the key is the distance between the concepts
semantic feature-comparison model
semantic memory contains feature lists of concepts
the key is the amount of overlap in the feature lists of concepts
phonemes
smallest sound units
morphemes
smallest units of meaning
syntax
grammatical arrangement of words and sentences
semantics
meaning of words and sentences
NOAM CHOMSKY’S
surface structure
actual order of words in a sentence
NOAM CHOMSKY’S
deep structure
underlying form that specifies the meaning of a sentence
NOAM CHOMSKY’S
transformational rules
tells us how we can change from one sentence form to another
whorfian hypothesis
language determines how reality is percieved
nominal scale
labels
ex: political affiliation
ordinal scale
ranks
ex: order of finishing a race
interval scale
equal intervals
ex: temperature in F
ratio scale
equal intervals AND true zero point
ex: income
personality inventories
MMPI
CPI
projective tests
rorschach inkblot test
TAT
blacky pictures
rotter’s incomplete sentences
