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PSYCHOLOGY GRE TEST PREP > key concepts in tables > Flashcards

key concepts in tables Flashcards

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1
Q

aphasia

brocas aphasia

wernickes aphasia

A

impairment in language functions

disturbs ability to produce language

disturbs ability to understand language

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2
Q

amnesia

anterograde amnesia

retrograde amnesia

A

impairment of memory functions

disturbs memory for events after brain injury occurs

disturbs memory for events before brain injury occurs

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3
Q

agnosia

visual agnosia

tactile agnosia

A

impairment in perceptual recognition of objects

disturbs visual recognition

disturbs touch recognition

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4
Q

James lange theory of emotion

A

we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike and afraid because we tremble

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5
Q

cannon bard theory of emotion

A

emotions reflect physiological arousal of the ANS and specific neural circuits in the brain

seeing a snake makes you scared

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6
Q

shatter-singer theory of emotion

A

unspecified physiological arousal will be labeled as different emotions depending on mental response to environmental stimulation

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7
Q

SHERIF:
strategy used?

result?

A

auto kinetic effect

individuals’ estimates of movements conform to groups

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8
Q

ASCH:
strategy used?

result?

A

comparing length of lines

subjects yield to group pressure and choose incorrect line

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9
Q

MILGRAM:
strategy used?

result?

A

asks subjects to administer electroshock to other person

subjects shock other person and majority continued to shock up to max voltage

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10
Q

zygote

A

sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell and forms a single cell called the zygote, which is implanted into the Fallopian tubes

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11
Q

germinal period

A

fertilized egg travels down Fallopian tubes and is then implanted in the uterine wall

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12
Q

embryonic period

A

embryo increases size by 2 million%
begin to develop human appearance
begin to move limbs
testes or ovaries in baby are produced by androgens

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13
Q

fetal period

A

begins in the 3rd month

measurable brain activity in fetus

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14
Q

rooting

A

turn head in the direction of stimuli applied to cheek

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15
Q

moro

A

baby hugging themself

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16
Q

babinski

A

toes curl and spread apart

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17
Q

grasping

A

grabbing something placed in their hand

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18
Q

oral stage of psychosexual development

A

libidinal energy centers on mouth

fixation leads to dependency

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19
Q

anal stage of psychosexual development

A

potty training

fixation leads to excessive orderliness or messiness

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20
Q

phallic stage of psychosexual development

A

oedipal conflict is resolved

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21
Q

latency stage of psychosexual development

A

libido is largely sublimated

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22
Q

genital stage of psychosexual development

A

begins at puberty

if previous stages resolved properly, they will enter normal heterosexual relations

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23
Q

structuralism
key people:

important info:

A

tichner

breaks consciousness into elements using introspection

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24
Q

functionalism
key people:

important info:

A

James and dewey

studies how mind functions improve and adapt to environments

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25
Q

behaviorism
key people:

important info:

A

Watson and skinner

psychopathology as an objective study of behavior

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26
Q

gestalt psychology
key people:

important info:

A

worthheimer, kohler, Kafka

whole is different than the sum of the parts

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27
Q

cognitivism
key people:

important info:

A

Chomsky

humans think, believe and are creative

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28
Q

psychoanalysis
key people:

important info:

A

freud, jung, adler

behavior is a result of unconscious conflicts, repression and defense mechanisms

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29
Q

humanism
key people:

important info:

A

Maslow and rogers

looks at people as wholes
people have free will
psychologists should also study mentally healthy people

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30
Q

systems psychology
key people:

important info:

A

baker battson

human behavior must be considered within the context of complex systems
applications include IO psych and family therapy

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31
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

hunger center

lesions lead to aphagia: lacking hunger

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32
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

saciety center

lesions lead to hyperphagia: very hungry

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33
Q

anterior hypothalamus

A

sexual activity center

lesions lead to inhibition of sexual activity: asexuality

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34
Q

septal nuclei

A

pleasure center identified by olds and milner
inhibits agression
lesions produce septal rage

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35
Q

amygdala

A

Kluver and Bucy
defensive and aggressive behavior
lesions produce docility and hyper sexual states

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36
Q

hippocampus

A

memory

lesions produce anterograde amnesia

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37
Q

visual system

A

RH: letters and words
LH: faces

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38
Q

auditory system

A

RH: language related sounds
LH: music

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39
Q

language

A

RH: speech, reading, writing, math
LH: emotions

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40
Q

movement

A

RH:complex voluntary movement

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41
Q

spatial processes

A

LH: creativity and sense of direction

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42
Q

what behavior and disorder are associated with acetylcholine?

A

voluntary muscle control

alzheimers

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43
Q

what behavior is associated with epinephrine (adrenaline)?

A

fight or flight

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44
Q

what behavior and disorder are associated with norepinephrine (nonadrenalines)?

A

wakefulness and alertfulness

depression and mania

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45
Q

what behavior and disorder are associated with dopamine?

A

smooth movements and steady posture

schizophrenia and parkinsons

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46
Q

what behavior and disorder are associated with seratonin?

A

mood, sleep, eat, dream

depression and mania

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47
Q

what behavior and disorder are associated with GABA?

A

stabilizes brain

anxiety disorders

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48
Q

what behavior is associated with endorphin (peptide)?

A

natural pain killer

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49
Q

hypothalamus gland

A

controls release of pituitary hormones

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50
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland which secretes hormones in many other glands

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51
Q

thyroid gland

A

affects metabolism, growth and development

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52
Q

adrenal medulla gland

A

produces adrenaline

fight or flight response

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53
Q

ovary gland

A

estrogen stimulates female sex characteristics

progesterone prepares uterus for embryo implantation

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54
Q

testicular gland

A

testosterone produces male sex characteristics

relevant to sexual arousal

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55
Q

testosterone

A

maturing of male genitalia
production of sperm
growth of facial and pubic hair

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56
Q

estrogen

A

maturing of female genitalia
growth of breasts
growth of uterine lining

57
Q

progesterone

A

maintenance of uterine lining

58
Q

gonadotrophin

A

increased production of hormones by testes or ovaries

59
Q

FSH

A

development of ovarian follicle

60
Q

LH

A

occupation

61
Q

absolute threshold

A

amount of stimulus energy needed to perceive something

62
Q

difference threshold

A

amount of stimulus energy that needs to be added or subtracted from a stimulus for a person to say that they perceive a DIFFERENCE

63
Q

JND

A

one JND needs to be added or subtracted from a stimulus for someone to say that they notice a difference

64
Q

webers law

A

what’s important in producing JND is the ratio of the absolute stimuli

65
Q

receptors

A

respond to physical stimuli

66
Q

transduction

A

translates physical energy to neural impulses

67
Q

projection areas

A

brain areas that further analyze sensory input

68
Q

simple cells respond to _______

A

orientation

69
Q

complex cells respond to _______

A

movement

70
Q

hyper-complex cells respond to _______

A

shape

71
Q

illumination

A

an OBJECTIVE measurement of the amount of light falling on a surface

72
Q

brightness

A

a SUBJECTIVE impression of the intensity of a stimulus

73
Q

dark adaptation

A

controlled by regeneration of rhodospin

74
Q

lateral inhibition

A

adjacent retinal cells inhibit one another

sharpens and highlights borders between dark and light areas

75
Q

young-hemholtz trichromatic theory

A

red blue and green color receptors

76
Q

hering opponent process theory

A

three opposing pairs that are red-green, blue-yellow and black-white

77
Q

interposition

A

if one object covers another, the partially hidden object will be seen as further away

78
Q

relative size

A

comparison of retinal size of the object to actual size of the object gives us depth perception

79
Q

linear perspective

A

parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance

80
Q

texture gradients

A

as scene receded from the viewer, the surface texture of the objects appear to change

81
Q

motion parralax

A

when observer moves, objects appear more relevant to distance from observer

82
Q

binocular disparity

A

each eye sees a slightly different scene and when compared we can perceive depth

83
Q

bottom up processing

A

data driven
responds directly to incoming stimuli on the basis of fixed rules and then sums up the components to arrive at the whole pattern
seeing B in between 12 and 14 and wondering if it is 13

84
Q

top down processing

A

concept driven
guided by conceptual processes such as memories and expectations that allow the brain to recognize whole objects and their components
seeing B as B

85
Q

apparent motion

A

when 2+ lights flicker, they are seen as one moving unit

86
Q

induced motion

A

stationary point of light moves when the background moves

87
Q

autokinectic effect

A

stable point of light when viewed in a dark room is perceived to move

88
Q

motion aftereffect

A

when you look at something for a long time, it will move the other direction when the motion stops

89
Q

preferential looking in infant perception

A

two stimuli presented side by side

if the infant looks longer at one, they can perceive the difference

90
Q

habituation in infant perception

A

stimulus is presented, infant stops looking, new stimulus is presented, if the infant looks at it they can tell the difference between old and new

91
Q

animal experiments in infant perception

A

assesses contribution of nature and nurture to the development of vision

92
Q

OBJECTIVE DIMENSIONS

  • frequency
  • intensity
A

number of sound wave cycles per second measured in hertzes

amplitude of the sound wave measured in decibels

93
Q

SUBJECTIVE DIMENSIONS

  • pitch
  • loudness
  • timbre
A

subjective experience to the frequency of sound
subjective experience to the intensity of sound
refers to the quality of sound

94
Q

why classical conditioning works

-contiguity

A

CS and UCS are near in time

95
Q

why classical conditioning works

-contingency

A

CS is a good signal for UCS

96
Q

why classical conditioning works

-blocking

A

CS is a good signal for UCS and provides non redundant information about the recurrence of the US

97
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A

behavior reinforced after a fixed number of responses

ex: delivery reward every 5th response

98
Q

variable ratio schedule

A

behavior reinforced after a varying number of responses

ex: slot machine

99
Q

fixed internal schedule

A

behavior reinforces for the first response after a fixed period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement

ex: bi monthly pay at work

100
Q

variable interval schedule

A

behavior reinforced for the first response after a varying time period has elapsed since the last reinforcement

ex: boss checking in at random times to check your work

101
Q

flooding

A

directly forcing client to experience the feared object

102
Q

implosion

A

making the client imagine the feared object

103
Q

systematic desensitization

A

making the client imagine the feared object while remaining in a relaxed state

104
Q

conditioned aversion

A

pairing conditioned stimulus with an aversive unconditioned stimulus

105
Q

contingency management

A

attempt to change the clients behavior by altering the consequences of said behavior

106
Q

behavioral contract

A

written agreement that states consequences of certain acts

useful in resolving inner conflicts

107
Q

premack principle

A

using more preferred activity to reinforce a less preferred activity

108
Q

thorndike’s problem solving

A

problem solving is due to to trial and error learning

109
Q

kohler’s problem solving

A

problem solving is insightful

110
Q

Tolman’s cognitive maps

A

mental images of physical spaces

111
Q

Bandura’s observational learning

A

observing others behavior affects your behavior

112
Q

Garcia’s preparedness

A

animals are prepared to learn connections between certain stimuli

113
Q

Breland and Breland instinctual drift

A

innate ways of behaving are able to override operant conditioning

114
Q

reproductive fitness

A

accounts for the number off offspring that live old enough to reproduce
atruism is problematic

115
Q

inclusive fitness

A

accounts for the number off offspring that live old enough to reproduce AND other relatives that live to reproductive age
altruism is not problematic

116
Q

reaction time

A

elapsed time between stimulus presentation and subject’s response to it

117
Q

eye movements

A

“on-line” measure of information processing

118
Q

brain imaging

A

used to associate various cognitive process with various parts of the brain

119
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

repeating information

keeping it in short term memory

120
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

organizing information and associating it with what you already know to put it with information already in long-term memory
putting it into long term memory

121
Q

short-term memory encoding of verbal material is likely to be based on what?

A

phonology

122
Q

long-term memory encoding of verbal material is likely to be based on what?

A

meaning

123
Q

semantic verification task

A

used to investigate the organization of semantic memory

124
Q

spreading activation model

A

semantic memory organized into map of inter completed concepts; the key is the distance between the concepts

125
Q

semantic feature-comparison model

A

semantic memory contains feature lists of concepts

the key is the amount of overlap in the feature lists of concepts

126
Q

phonemes

A

smallest sound units

127
Q

morphemes

A

smallest units of meaning

128
Q

syntax

A

grammatical arrangement of words and sentences

129
Q

semantics

A

meaning of words and sentences

130
Q

NOAM CHOMSKY’S

surface structure

A

actual order of words in a sentence

131
Q

NOAM CHOMSKY’S

deep structure

A

underlying form that specifies the meaning of a sentence

132
Q

NOAM CHOMSKY’S

transformational rules

A

tells us how we can change from one sentence form to another

133
Q

whorfian hypothesis

A

language determines how reality is percieved

134
Q

nominal scale

A

labels

ex: political affiliation

135
Q

ordinal scale

A

ranks

ex: order of finishing a race

136
Q

interval scale

A

equal intervals

ex: temperature in F

137
Q

ratio scale

A

equal intervals AND true zero point

ex: income

138
Q

personality inventories

A

MMPI

CPI

139
Q

projective tests

A

rorschach inkblot test
TAT
blacky pictures
rotter’s incomplete sentences

PSYCHOLOGY GRE TEST PREP (6 decks)

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