practice test 3 Flashcards
the ability of a postsynaptic neuron to respond to the presence of a particular NT is dependent on what condition?
the presence of receptors on the postsynaptic neuron that have an affinity for that particular NT
critics have argues that projective tests are too__?
subjective
organizing letters into clusters is an example of what
chunking
when persuasive communications follow the peripheral route what do they focus on?
emotions
what is true of the phrase, “the dishwasher is running”
it can have more than one deep structure
what part of the brain degenerates dopaminergic cells causing Parkinson’s disease
substantia nigra
what is an infant’s object concept at 6 months old
understands object take up space and move on a continuous path
only wanting to take care of yourself and your children
individualism
what is overshadowing
when one stimuli is stronger than another
who thinks that people cope with stress by moving toward, away from or against people
horney
what cognitive ability is least likely to decline later in life
semantic memory
Charles Scott Sherrington proposed that rapid stimulation of a specific synapse is likely to produce a cumulative effect in the postsynaptic cell because of
temporal summation
Research on children’s social behavior shows that relative to young adolescent boys, young adolescent girls exhibit more of which type of aggression?
Relational
Which theorist revised Sigmund Freud’s stages of development, replacing Freud’s psychosexual stages with psychosocial stages?
Erik Erikson
Annette is looking for a psychotherapist whose clinical work is rooted in object relations theory. The best match for Annette would be a therapist who emphasizes
early life relationships
A client sleeps sixteen hours a day. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5TM), the client most likely has which of the following sleep disorders?
hypersomnelence
Which of the following predictions is reasonable based on Baddeley and Hitch’s theory of working memory?
If two tasks using the same component are done concurrently, performance will be impaired on one or both.
The use of polite words such as “please” and “thank you” in everyday speech is called
pragmatics
Cleotha finds out that her roommate Leontyne is
a better pool player than she is. However, Cleotha reminds herself that she can play poker better than Leontyne. Cleotha is engaging in which of the following?
Self-affirmation
According to the theory of cognitive development proposed by Lev Vygotsky, children learn best by working
with adults and advanced peers
Which of the following predictions is the best example of context-dependent memory?
Information is better recalled when learning and testing occur in the same room.
Newlyweds Layla and Keith both have normal color vision, but Layla carries a recessive gene for color deficiency. Which of the following best describes the probabilities of color deficiency in their children?
Half of their sons will be color-deficient, but none of their daughters will.
An individual suffering from damage to Wernicke’s area would most likely exhibit which of the following behaviors?
Impaired comprehension of language
Young children form rudimentary sentences that resemble telegrams even though they have never heard anyone make such utterances before. This is evidence of
a universal grammar
Damaging the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats will
interfere with the biological clock that is synchronized with light
Which of the following increases the power of a statistical test?
Changing from a two-tailed to
a one-tailed test
Which of the following therapeutic techniques can be explained by classical conditioning principles?
Systematic desensitization and flooding
Georgia sees a sign in the bathroom stall that says, “Do not write on the walls under any circumstances!” Georgia takes out her pen and begins to write all over the walls. According to social psychologists, Georgia is experiencing
reactance
The tendency to attribute your successes to dispositional factors and your failures to situational factors is called the
self-fulfilling bias
What term is best used to describe the smallest meaningful unit of a language?
morpheme
The action potential is triggered at which of the following parts of a neuron?
Axon hillock
Gonadal hormones can act early in life to irreversibly determine a rat’ s mate selection through effects referred to as
organizational
When Latoya was younger, she decided which ice cream cone was bigger by always picking the taller one. Now that she’s eight years old, she makes more-accurate choices by considering the width and depth of the cone as well as its height. Latoya has learned to
decenter
“Of several responses made to the same situation, those which are accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction to the animal will, other things being equal, be more firmly connected with the situation . . . ; those which are accompanied or closely followed by discomfort to the animal will, other things being equal, have their connections with that situation weakened.”
Edward Thorndike
which of the following statements is true regarding the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Hearing voices is a positive symptom.
A patient is administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-RF® (MMPI-2-RF®) by an experienced clinician. The clinician concludes that the patient has schizophrenia. The clinician’s diagnosis best supports which of the following additional conclusions?
The patient’s pattern of responses to the MMPI-2-RF® resembles that of people who are known to have schizophrenia.
Which of the following techniques of studying the brain involves the use of x-rays?
Computed tomography (CT)
According to a current model, learned helplessness in humans is determined by causal explanations of prior uncontrollable events. These causal explanations are referred to as
attributions
Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are most often characteristic of
Alzheimer’s disease
Participants in an experiment are asked to look at a display and to find the one straight line among a number of circles. The participants are able to find the line just as quickly among twenty circles as they are among five circles. These results suggest that finding the straight line depends on
a preattentive process
Albert recently noticed that he has difficulty hearing people at crowded parties even though his hearing seems fine in quiet surroundings. He most likely has damage to his
hair cells
According to Albert Bandura’s approach to
observational learning, which of the following is the best example of vicarious punishment?
A child stops throwing pencils after watching a teacher scold another child for throwing a pencil across the room.
Cephalocaudal development refers to development that proceeds from
head to tail
What is a limitation of Elisabeth Kübler-Ross’s stages of coping with death (denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance) ?
Not all people experience every stage.
According to Carl Jung, there are tendencies that shape human behavior and can be represented by terms such as “the hero” or “the shadow.” Such tendencies are known as
archetypes
Brain imaging techniques have shown that compared to unaffected individuals, individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia have
enlarged ventricles and a reduction of the prefrontal cortex
According to Edward Tolman, behavior is best understood as
molar and purposive
Which of the following is most commonly associated with creative thinking?
Divergent thinking
When people first sense a new stimulus, only temporary changes in neurons take place, but eventually more permanent changes occur. This is called
consolidation
If adjacent lights flash on and off in sequence, individuals will often perceive apparent motion even though there is no motion. This experience is referred to as
the phi phenomenon
A behavioral approach to personality would argue that the root of pathology lies in
maladaptive learned-response patterns
A persistent, unreasonable, and unwanted thought is known as
an obsession
Which of the following distinguishes experts from novices in many fields of endeavor?
Speed in recognizing relevant complex
patterns
Which of the following psychological schools of thought was heavily influenced by pragmatism?
Functionalism
Who is reported to be the first researcher to utilize a twin studies methodology in attempting to resolve the nature-nurture controversy?
Francis Galton
Eliciting sympathy in order to create a positive impression is consistent with which of the following self-presentation strategies?
Supplication
Which of the following statements describes normative influence?
Conformity motivated by a fear of social rejection
In an experimental procedure, an animal receives a half second of foot shock, then a half second of no stimulus, and then a tone. In a later presentation of the tone, the animal displays a fear response. This result most likely indicates the occurrence of
backward conditioning
In what way does delirium differ from dementia?
Delirium is a temporary state, whereas dementia is a permanent state.
The overjustification effect states which of the following?
Extrinsic rewards can diminish children’s intrinsic motivation to learn.
Participants in a social psychological experiment observe through a one-way glass as two students take an oral quiz. The situation is arranged
such that both Arthur and Sheri get 15 of the
25 questions correct, but Arthur gets each of the first 5 questions correct, while Sheri gets none of the first 5 correct. Most participant observers would likely conclude that
Arthur is a better student than Sheri
Which of the following is a characteristic of the authoritarian personality?
Hostility toward outgroups
In his study of schizophrenia, Dr. Perez collects data on the number of new cases of this diagnosis in the United States in the past year. This statistic is known as the
incidence
The Premack principle states that
a more frequent behavior will reinforce a less frequent behavior
Elizabeth Loftus and her colleagues ask students to talk about various events that have occurred in their lives, including one that never occurred. If the students have trouble remembering, the researchers provide cues. They record whether the students remember the events that never occurred and how confident the students are in these false memories. Which of the following best describes the findings?
Students almost never remember false events, although they remember about 80% of the real events.
Melvin has a set of Von Frey hairs of different diameters. He starts by pressing a thin hair against a participant’s toe and continues with increasingly thicker hairs until the participant feels pressure. Melvin then starts with a thick hair and uses increasingly thinner hairs until the participant does not feel pressure. Melvin is using the method of
limits
The legal requirement that professionals notify appropriate authorities about suspected child abuse is known as
mandatory reporting
Which of the following effects is the most serious limitation of this study?
Carryover
What type of design was used in this study?
Single factor within subjects
Conducting a study by analyzing United States census data from previous years is an example of using which of the following research approaches?
Archivalanalysis
Which of the following are the two individuals credited with the founding of psychology,
as indicated by the formation of psychology laboratories in the 1870s?
Wilhelm Wundt and William James
Which of the following best supports the all-or none principle of neural impulses?
A neuron will fire a complete action potential once the threshold is reached.
