UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS Flashcards
Invasion of body tissue by microorganisms and their proliferation there
INFECTION CONTROL
• Infection acquired by the patient in the hospital or manifested after discharge
• URINARY TRACT is the most frequent site
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
Infectious transmitted agent can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact, through vector or vehicle, or as a an airborne infection
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
is a microorganism that causes disease
• Ability to produce disease
PATHOGENESIS/pathogen
• Most common infection causing microorganisms
• Can cause disease in human and can live and be transported through air, water, food, soil, body tissues and fluids
BACTERIA
• Consist primarily of nucleic acid
Common viruses families include Rhinovirus, Herpes, Hepatitis & virus,
human immunodeficiency virus
VIRUSES
Includes yeasts & molds
FUNGI
• Live on other living organisms
• Include protozoa such as the one that causes malaria, helminthes (worms) and arthropods (mites, fleas, ticks)
PARASITES
Infectious Pathogens
bacteria
viruses
fungi
parasites
PROCESS OF Infection
Incubation period (1st stage)
prodromal phase (2nd stage)
active phase (3rd stage)
convalescence (4th stage)
• The time between the entry of the microorganisms into the body and the onset of the symptoms
• Organism adapts to the person and multiplies sufficiently to produce an infection
INCUBATION PERIOD (Ist stage)
• Infected persons are infectious and most likely to spread the infecting organisms
• Early signs and symptoms are fatigue, body malaise, fever, etc.
PRODROMAL PHASE (2nd stage)
Full stage / illness period
• All the characteristic signs and symptoms of the disease are at their peak
ACTIVE PHASE (3nd stage)
Symptoms begin to diminish and eventually disappear
CONVALESCENCE (4th stage)
An organism that harbors or nourishes another organism
It is an animal or plant wherein a parasite live
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
TYPES OF HOST
Accidental host
definite host
intermediate host
paratenic host
primary host
reservoir host
Accidentally harbors an organism that is not ordinarily parasitic in that particular species.
ACCIDENTAL HOST
The parasite lives in a host until its adult and sexual existence or until capable of sexual reproduction
DEFINITIVE HOST
The organism in which parasite passes its larval or non-sexual existence
INTERMEDIATE HOST
• An animal acting as a substitute intermediate host of a parasite.
• Acquiring the said parasite is by ingestion of the original host.
PARATENIC HOST
The host that a parasite or organism requires to become any other sexually mature to reproduce and spread infection.
PRIMARY HOST
Populations, species or ecological communities that drive disease dynamics.
RESERVOIR HOST
Microorganisms are transmitted by a number of routes and the same organisms can be transmitted by more than one route
TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES
4 MAIN ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION
- CONTACT TRANSMISSION
- VEHICLE TRANSMISSION
- AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION
- VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION
TYPES OF CONTACT TRANSMISSION
Direct physical transfer an infected or colonized person and susceptible host
DIRECT CONTACT TRANSMISSION
Has a strain of bacteria that have become a part of the person’s normal flora or bacteria
COLONIZED OR INFECTED PERSON
A person lacking immunity or resistance, and thus increasing the risk of infection
SUSCEPTIBLE PERSON
A susceptible host comes in contact with a contaminated object
INDIRECT CONTACT TRANSMISSION
• Droplets are usually sprayed no further than 90cm (3 feet)
One is in close contact if one is within 90cm of another person
DROPLET CONTACT TRANSMISSION
• Serves as an intermediate means to transport and introduce an infectious agent into a susceptible host
e.g. handkerchief, toys, soiled clothing, utensils and surgical instruments
VEHICLE TRANSMISSION
Occurs by dissemination of droplet nuclei or dust particles that contain microorganisms and remain in the air
AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION
An animal, flying or crawling insects that serves as an intermediate means of transporting the infectious agent
VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION
PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION
• Wear appropriate personal protective equipment
• Change gloves between patients
• Sanitize hands after removing gloves
•Dispose of biohazardous material in designated containers
• Properly Containers dispose of sharps in puncture-resistant
•Do not recap needles
• Maintain personal immunizations
Body Substance precautions
gowns
mask, googles, face shield
sharp hazards
respirators
Protect your clothing and skin from contamination by a patient’s body substances
GOWNS
Used to protect the membranes of the mucous mouth, nose, and eyes from splashing of blood or body substances
MASKS, GOGGLES, & FACE SHIELDS
Most blood borne pathogen exposures are caused by accidental puncture with contaminated needle or lancet a
Strict adherence to all safety precautions is essential
SHARPS HAZARDS
May be required when collecting blood from patients who have airborne diseases, such as tuberculosis
RESPIRATORS
Freedom from disease-causing microorganisms
To decrease the possibility of transferring microorganisms from one place to another, asepsis is used
ASEPSIS
Basic Types of asepsis
medical asepsis
surgical/sterile technique
• “Clean”
• Includes all the practices intended to limiting number, growth and transmission of microorganisms
MEDICAL ASEPSIS
• Free of all microorganisms
• Practices that destroy all microorganisms and spores
SURGICAL ASEPSIS /STERILE TECHNIQUE
PATIENT ASSESSMENT PRIOR TO ADMINISTRATION OF CONTRAST MEDIUM
• Before administration of contrast medium, it is the obligation of the radiographer to obtain a detailed assessment of the patient’s medical history that might portend an allergic reaction.
• Prevention of serious adverse effects is the goal of this assessment.
PATIENT ASSESSMENT PRIOR TO ADMINISTRATION OF CONTRAST MEDIUM
• The radiographer must also be prepared to initiate correct medical treatment when a reaction occurs.
• This includes adequate patient preparation for any procedure and ensuring that all equipment and personnel are available to treat any reaction.
PATIENT ASSESSMENT PRIOR TO ADMINISTRATION OF CONTRAST MEDIUM
The patient’s emotional status should be noted on the form and signed by the radiographer.
• During any reaction of contrast medium, the patient should be monitored for abnormal responses or reactions.
• The emergency cart, equipment and medical response personnel must be immediately available.
Most imaging departments have a standard form that includes the following:
- Patient’s age
- History of impaired hepatic function (liver disease)
- History of impaired renal function (kidney disease)
- History of allergic or anaphylactic reactions
- History of Thyroid disease
- Last menstrual period and possible pregnancy
- History of previous reactions medications contrast agents or
- Last menstrual period and possible pregnancy
- Nursing Mother
- Sensitivity to Aspirin
- History of Diabetes Mellitus
- History of Sickle Cell Disease
- History of hypertension
- History of seizure.
- Allergy to seafoods
