ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION Flashcards
ORAL ROUTE
disadvantages
- They may have an objectionable odor or taste or may be bulky to swallow
- They may harm or discolor the teeth
- They may irritate the gastric mucosa, causing nausea and vomiting
- They may be aspirated by a seriously ill or uncooperative individual
- They may be destroyed by digestive enzymes
- They may be inappropriate for some patients, such as those who must be given nothing by mouth.
Performed by placing the drug under the tongue for dissolution and absorption.
sublingual
A tablet is held in the mouth in the pocket between gums and cheek for local dissolution and absorption.
buccal
• Involves the application of a drug directly onto the skin or mucous membrane.
• The drug is diffused through the skin or membrane and absorbed into the bloodstream
• Topical medications may be applied in the form of a lotion, tincture, ointment or cream, foam, spray, gel, wet dressing, tampon, bath, or soak.
TOPICAL ROUTE
Medications are applied for the following effects:
ASTRINGENT
ANTISEPTIC OR BACTERIA
EMOLLIENT
CLEANSING
ANESTHETIC
ANTIHISTAMINE
resulting vasoconstriction, tissue contraction and decreased secretions and sensitivity, thereby counteracting inflammatory effects.
ASTRINGENT
to inhibit growth and development of
microorganisms
(e.g., Betadine, Bactroban)
ANTISEPTIC OR BACTERIA
for a soothing and softening effect to overcome dryness and hardness (e.g., lanolin)
EMOLLIENT
for the removal of dirt, debris, secretions, or crusts (e.g, Hibiclens).
CLEANSING
to remove the sensation of pain (e.g., benzocaine)
ANESTHETIC
for manifestations caused by allergic reactions (e.g., Benadryl cream)
ANTIHISTAMINE
• Convenient and safe method of giving drugs when the oral method is unsuitable, as when the patient is a small child or is unconscious.
• Avoids irritation of the upper GI tract and may promote higher bloodstream drug titers because venous blood from the lower part of the rectum does not traverse the liver.
RECTAL ROUTE
RECTAL ROUTE
disadvantages
- Unpredictable retention of drugs
- Possibility of fluid passing above the lower rectum to be absorbed into the portal circulation where metabolism can be extensive.
Administered by injection.
PARENTERAL ROUTE
4 most common methods Of parenteral routes
• INTRADERMAL
• SUBCUTANEOUS
• INTRAMUSCULAR
• INTRAVENOUS
• The injection is made into the upper layers of the skin almost parallel to the skin surface
• Used mostly in testing for allergic reactions and for giving small amounts of a local anesthetic.
• Best made with a fine, short needle (26 or 27 gauge) and a small-barrel syringe or, such as tuberculin syringe.
intradermal method
Beneath the layers of skin, yet above the muscle
25gauge (or thinner) needle and syringe
The needle is inserted through the skin with a quick
movement, but the injection is made slowly and
steadily
45 to 60 degrees angle (but can vary between 30
and 90 degrees), depending on needle length and
depth of fat pads
subcutaneous method
Larger doses can be given by IM injection (up to 5
ml) than by SC injection.
Needles from 1 to 1 1/2 inches in length are
common.
Usual gauge is 21 to 23
Gluteal muscles are preferred because of fewer
nerve endings and less discomfort.
intramuscular method
INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION SITES
The proper site for this injection is outlined by an imaginary diagonal line drawn from the area of the greater trochanter of the femur to the posterior iliac spine
- DORSOGLUTEAL SITE
INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION SITES
• Used for IM injections in either children or adults and could be used more often.
• The injection should be made into the center of the V formed between the index and middle fingers
- VENTROGLUTEAL SITE
INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION SITES
• Muscular area in the arm formed by the rectangle bounded on the top by the edge of the shoulder and on the bottom beginning of the axilla
• Has a higher blood flow than the other IM injection sites
- MID-DELTOID
INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION SITES
• Muscular area in the upper outer leg
• Can accommodate volumes medication the same size as of the gluteus medius and is distant from any major blood vessels or nerves.
• More painful than in the buttocks
- VASTUS LATERALIS
• Direct injection into a vein.
• Most emergency drugs, sterile saline and dextrose solutions, chemotherapy drugs, and radiopaque contrast media are introduced through the IV route.
intravenous method
INTRAVENOUS INJECTION SITES
- Basilic or cephalic veins on the back of the hand
- Basilic vein on the medial, anterior forearm and elbow
- Cephalic vein on the lateral, anterior forearm and elbow
INTRAVENOUS EQUIPMENT
• Most Common IV needle used by imaging technologists for the introduction of contrast.
• These needles vary from 1/4 to 11/4 inches in length and 18 to 27 gauge in diameter.
WINGED-TIP OR BUTTERFLY SET
• Medical imaging technologists may often come in contact with patients who have endotracheal tubes, central arterial lines. venous lines, or pulmonary
• A general understanding of the actual placement of these devices and their use is important.
CHEST TUBES & LINES
• Used primarily to assist the patient through a number of respiratory problems.
• The inhaled air must be adequately humidified because the normal humidifying function of the upper respiratory tract is bypassed.
ENDOTRACHEAL TUBES (INTUBATION)
• Also known as central venous catheters and venous access devices
• Inserted into a large vein to administer drugs, manage fluid volume, transfuse and analyze blood, and monitor pressures within the heart
CENTRAL VENOUS LINES
CENTRAL VENOUS LINES
INTRAVENOUS EQUIPMENT??
- SUBCLAVIAN VEIN
- INTERNAL JUGULAR
- FEMORAL VEINS
• “Swan-Ganz catheters”
• Specialized CV lines that incorporate a small electrode at the distal end used to monitor pulmonary arterial pressures
• Estimate pressure left ventricular end-diastolic
PULMONARY ARTERIAL LINES
• Care must be exercised when handling patients with CV lines.
• Assessing the patient before performing imaging procedures is essential to avert the possibility of line displacement.
COMPLICATIONS & PATIENT CARE
Following disorders will assist the imaging technologist in performing safe and accurate scanning:
Age
Nutritional Status
Ethnicity
Existing Physical Condition
Immune Status
State of Mind
Gender
Weight
Environment Factor
Time of day
