PHARMODYNAMICS Flashcards
PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF DRUGS ARE AFFECTED BY THE
Altered Blood Pressure
Altered Heart Rate
Altered Urinary Output
Altered Function of CNS and PNS
Changes in all other body system
Macromolecular component of the body tissue that receives the maximum effect of a drug
DRUG RECEPTOR
determines drug concentration to accomplish intended attraction between drug and receptor
AFFINITY
concentration of drug to accomplish its intended effect.
EFFICACY OF DRUGS
bind to receptor and produces therapeutic effect.
AGONIST
partial binding at a receptor and produce partial therapeutic effect.
PARTIAL AGONIST
joins receptor and prevents agonist from performing intended effects
ANTAGONIST
dosages of which intended effect is obtained and the amount that produces unwanted effect.
THERAPEUTIC INDEX
DRUG COMBINATION OR COMBINING TWO DRUGS MAY CAUSE:
✔ To become inactive
✔ To form a toxic compound
✔ To increase the effect of each drug given alone
(additive reaction)
To equal an effect greater than sum of their.
separated dose (Synergistic Reaction)
To either neutralize or decrease intended effect
common, unintended, and non-toxic reactions
SIDE EFFECT
more severe and life threatening reactions
ADVERSE
unwanted effect that is extension of therapeutic effect
TOXIC REACTIONS
unexpected or exacerbated effect
DRUG IDIOSYNCRASY
sign of drug dependence.
DRUG TOLERANCE
rapid development of tolerance to a drug
TACHYPHYLAXIS
results from an immune-mediated response by the body against the drug
ALLERGIC REACTION
The process required for a drug to reach the site of action is best described using
biopharmaceutic and pharmacokinetic principles
Think of it this way vacation, you Biopharmaceutics have and in order to enjoy your to get there pharmacokinetics first. are analogous to what you pack, which car you take (sports car or minivan), the gas you buy on the way, and the road you take to get there.
ANALOGY
It is the area of pharmacology that focuses on the method for achieving effective drug administration. Drugs are placed into vehicles by the manufacturing process
BIOPHARMACEUTICS
It is a substance into which a drug is compounded for initial delivery into the body.
DRUG VEHICLE
Solid, liquid, gas, or any combination of these is the combination of both the drug and the vehicle used to deliver the drug.
Solid dosage forms used for oral administration include tablets, capsules, and troches
DOSAGE FORM
generally consists of an active ingredient (drug), various fillers and disintegrator a dyes, flavoring agents, and an outside coating
tablet
TYPES OF TABLET
COMPRESSED TABLETS
SUGAR-COATED TABLETS
FILM-COATED TABLETS
ENTERIC-COATED TABLETS
MULTIPLE COMPRESSED TABLETS
BUCCAL OR SUBLINGUAL TABLETS
EFFERVESCENT TABLETS
Are compacted with no special coating, they are subject to chemical degradation from the environment
COMPRESSED TABLETS
Have a thin layer of sugar coating designed to mask bad taste and to protect the active ingredients from chemical oxidation.
SUGAR-COATED TABLETS
A pill or tablet with a thin, even layer of polymer applied to its surface, Film coating is the most common type of tablet coating
FILM COATED TABLETS
Are designed to pass through the gastric area and release the active ingredients into the small intestine. This technology is used to prevent the strongly acidic contents of the stomach from chemically destroying the activity of the drug
ENTERIC-COATED TABLETS
Designed to mask taste, protect contents against chemical oxidation and allow for periodic release of contents in a controlled manner throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) transit.
MULTIPLE COMPRESSED TABLETS
Tablets contain sodium bicarbonate and an organic acid such as citrate or tartrate. These tablets liberate carbon dioxide and disintegrate into an effervescent solution and in the presence of water
EFFERVESCENT TABLETS
Designed to disintegrate in the buccal or sublingual space and become absorbed through the buccal or sublingual vasculature.
BUCCAL OR SUBLINGUAL TABLETS
They generally consist of either a hard or a soft gelatin shell that encloses the active ingredient
CAPSULES
2 TYPES Of Capsules
Hard Gelatine
Soft Gelatine
a two-piece shell made from calcium alginate, methylcellulose, and gelatin
HARD GELATINE
is a one-piece shell made from similar material.
SOFT GELATINE
They are generally in the form of lozenges or pastilles. These are solids that contain medicine in a hard sugar or glycerinated gelatin base designed to dissolve slowly in the mouth.
TROCHES
LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS
solution
emulsion
suspension
A homogenous mixture of solid, liquid, or gas dissolved in another liquid.
solution
Consists of two immiscible liquids
emulsion
A solid medication dispersed throughout a liquid medium.
suspension
Given by injection under or through one or more layers of skin or mucous membrane
PARENTERAL DOSAGE FORMS
Parenteral routes
Intramascular
subcutaneous
intravenous
intradermal
PARENTERAL ROUTES
Intrathecal
Intracisternal
Intra Arterial
Typically used for oxygen therapy, anesthesia, and aerosol inhalers.
Usually Contain a medication dispersed in liquified a gas propellant, such as a fluorinated hydrocarbon
GAS DOSAGE FORMS
Medication is absorbed in either liquid or gaseous solution. Therefore, any solid or semisolid drug must first enter into one of these solution forms before becoming absorbed across a cellular membrane.
DISINTEGRATION & DISSOLUTION
Absorption of Dosage form (Fastest)
Solutions
suspension
powder
capsules
tablets
coated tablets
Absorption of Dosage form (SLOWEST)
enteric coated tablets
consists of the process of how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated throughout the body.
PHARMACOKINETICS
Prior to systemic action, a drug must either undergo the ___ process or be administered by direct Intravenous injection, thus bypassing the need for
ABSORPTION
Once a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream, it is immediately distributed throughout the body by the circulation of the blood. It is the transport of a drug in body fluids from the bloodstream to various tissues of the body and ultimately to its site of action
DISTRIBUTION
Also called biotransformation.
Chemically changes a drug into a metabolite that can be excreted from the body. The liver is primarily responsible for this task, although the plasma, kidneys, lungs, and intestinal mucosa also play a role
METABOLISM
This elimination is primarily accomplished by the kidneys. They filter the blood and remove unbound, water-soluble compounds. This is one reason why drug testing is often done on urine.
EXCRETION
The study of how the effects of a drug are manifested
The study of the method or mechanism of drug action on living sites in the body tissues or the response of tissues to chemical agents at various sites in the body.
PHARMACODYNAMICS
refers to drugs
PHARMACO
refers to what happens when two things meet and interact that is, the drugs and your body
DYNAMICS
Drugs produce effects through drug-receptor interactions,drug-enzyme interactions, or nonspecific drug interactions.
The method by which a drug elicits effects is known as the mechanism of action.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
DRUG-RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS
are specific biologic sites located on a cell surface or within a cell. They can be considered keyholes into which specific keys (drugs) may fit.
(Receptors)
Drugs have a specific ______ for their specific receptors. This means that there is an attraction between the drug and the receptor.
affinity (attraction)
If there is a strong affinity at the receptor site, the concentration of the drug necessary to accomplish its effect is low. This is referred to as the _____ of the drug.
EFFICACY
The organ on or in which the desired effect occurs.
TARGET ORGAN
A drug or natural substance with an affinity for specific receptor sites that produces a physiologic response, usually predictable.
AGONIST
Drugs with antagonist activity will block receptors for which they have affinity.
ANTAGONIST
It is the degree to which a drug is able to produce the desired effect (how great the effect will be).
EFFICACY
The relative concentration required to produce that effect (how much drug is needed)
POTENCY
The time required for the current serum drug concentration to decline by 50% is termed the biologic
HALF-LIFE/half-life of elimination.
A measure of the relative safety of a drug.
THERAPEUTIC INDEX
It is a ratio between the following two mathematical factors:
THERAPEUTIC INDEX
A drug is lethal to 50% of the population
LETHAL DOSE (LD50)
Required to produce a therapeutic effect in 50% of the population
EFFECTIVE DOSE (LD50)
