PHARMACOLOGY Flashcards
It is the study of drug actions and drug interactions with living organisms.
Pharmacology
drug or poison
Pharmakon
logos
study
Medications that require a prescription drug. These all have a written legend (or caption) stating,
Legend drugs
Federal Law prohibits dispensing without a prescription.
CAUTION
A valid prescription or order for a drug includes at least the following seven components:
- Patient name, room number address, and identification numbers
- Drug name (generic or brand)
- Dosage (in proper units of measure for particular drug)
- Dosage form (e.g., tablet, injection, solution)
- Route of administration (eg, oral, parenteral, rectal)
- Date order is written
- Prescribers signature
THE LEGAL PRESCRIPION
Medications that have a high potential for abuse are generally placed into one of five controlled substance schedules. Drugs of this nature include the:
- NARCOTIC PAIN RELIVERS
- SEDATIVE-HYPNOTIC AND ANTIANXIETY DRUGS
- STIMULANT MEDICATIONS
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
NARCOTIC PAIN RELIEVERS
Morphin
Methadone
Hydrocodone
Propoxyphene
Pentazocine
Hydromorphone
Meperidine
Pentazocine
Codeine
SEDATIVE-HYPNOTIC AND ANTIANXIETY DRUGs
Diazepam
Lorazepam
Mindazolen
Midazolam
Temazepama
Triazolam
Flurazepam
Oxazepam
Chlordiazepoxide
STIMULANT MEDICATIONS
Cocaine
Amphetamine
have a stamp placed on the outside of the container to show the drug’s assigned schedule.
schedules used:
C-1
C-II
C-III
C-IV
C-V
controlled substances
Drugs are illegal for patient use. To acquire these drugs, an institution must be registered with the federal Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) as either a researcher of narcotic and dangerous drugs. manufacturer or a
researcher of narcotic and dangerous drugs
schedules used:
C-II
C-III
C-IV
C-V
C-I
Drugs are legal for prescription use in patients and have the highest potential for abuse. Generally, these drugs cause marked euphoria with mind-altering effects.
schedules used:
C-I
C-111
C-IV
C-V
C-II
Drugs are also legal for prescription use. Although these medications have high potential for abuse, they are addictive than the C-1 and C-II drugs. less
schedules used:
C-I
C-II
C-III. C-IV. C-V
On taking accurate medication histories, practitioners should ask about at least the following herbal products, since they have documented pharmacologic effects associated with them
HERBAL PRODUCTS
Chemical substances that are not required for normal maintenance of body function
can be poisonous if they are misused
They are meant to relieve human diseases and suffering
Drugs
3 CATEGORIES OF SUBSTANCE APPLIED OR ADMINISTERED FOR THERAPEUTIC PURPOSES:
Drugs or medication
biologic
alternative therapies
Chemical agents capable of producing biologic response in the body.
DRUGS OR MEDICATION
Agents naturally produced in animal cells, microorganisms or the body itself such as hormones, natural blood products, vaccines.
BIOLOGIC
Include natural plant extracts, herbs, vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements and therapeutic techniques that may be considered unconventional such as acupuncture
ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES
THE PROFESSIONAL RADIOGRAPHER WHO ADMINISTERS DRUGS IS EXPECTED TO KNOW:
The safe dosage
The safe route of administration
Limitations of the drug he administers
The side effects
The potential adverse and toxic reactions
The indications and contraindications for its use
He must also know the potential hazards of any drug that is incorrectly or unsafely administered
A LIST OF DRUGS THAT MUST BEAR THE LEGEND “CAUTION: FEDERAL LAW PROHIBITS DISPENSING WITHOUT PRESCRIPTION” THEY ARE AS FOLLOWS:
- Drugs that must be administered parenterally
- Drugs that are hypnotic or narcotic
- Drugs that may cause dependence
- Drugs that contain derivatives of habit-forming substances
- Drugs that may be toxic if not administered under the supervision of a physician, dentist, or nurse practitioner
- Drugs that are new and limited to investigational use and are not safe if indiscriminately used
Drugs that are considered safe for self-administration
over-the-counter drugs
Not regulated by FDA and are classifi• Dietary supplements Health and Education Act (enacted in 1994)
• Forbids these substances from making claims that discuss disease or cure of an ailmented as food.
ALTERNATIVE DIETARY AND HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS:
Overwhelming feeling of physical need for a particular drug that must be met at all costs.
ADDICTION
Physical or psychological need for a particular drug.
DEPENDENCE
A drug has many names given to it before it becomes available for use.
These names include:
Chemical name
Code number
Generic name
Trade or Proprietary name
DRUGS NOMENCLATURE
Presents its exact chemical formula of a drug and always remains the same
CHEMICAL NAME
Name given to the drug before its official approval for use.
Less complicated and easier remember than the chemical name
GENERIC NAME
• Proprietary name
• Assigned to a drug by a particular manufacturer of the drug.
TRADE NAME
DRUGS ARE ADMINISTERED FOR A NUMBER OF REASONS:
To relieve undesired symptoms
To prevent disease
To cure disease
To diagnose disease or pathological conditions
As this process takes place, the drug reaches a point at which it has its intended effect.
Drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and then excreted from the body.
ONSET OF ACTION
As it continues to be absorbed, the drug reaches its peak concentration level.
PEAK CONCENTRATION LEVEL
Drug is able to produce its most desired curative
The time during which the drug attains its maximum therapeutic response
REMEDIAL EFFECT
As the drug is excreted from the body, the concentration level subsides to a point at which there is little or no intended effect.
Time during which the drug is in the body in an amount large enough to be therapeutic
DURATION OF ACTION
All drugs must be in liquid form to be absorbed.
Drugs that are administered in solid or tablet form must go through a phase called the pharmaceutic phase before they can be absorbed.
PHARMACEUTIC PHASE
Enteric-coated tablets do not go through the pharmaceutic phase of absorption until they reach the small intestine where they are dissolved in an alkaline media.
Drugs that are administered orally in liquid form or drugs that are administered parenterally do not go through this phase.
PHARMACEUTIC PHASE
As agency of the Department of Health and Human Services.
FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION 1906
Controls whether prescription and OTC drugs may be used for therapy.
CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH (CDER)
Regulates serums, vaccines and blood products.
CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH (CBER)
Prevents marketing of drugs tested. not thoroughly
FOOD DRUG AND COSMETIC ACT 1938
Regulates safety of biologics.
CHILDHOOD VACCINE ACT 1986
Increases research and assists person dependent on drugs with rehabilitation.
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE ACT 1971
Requires non generic drug and biologic manufacturer to pay fees to be used for improvements in drug review.
PRESCRIPTION DRUG USER FEE ACT 1992
Requires labeling of dietary supplement and allows FDA to remove those that are a risk to the public
DIETARY SUPPLEMENT HEALTH & EDUCATION ACT 1994
Reauthorizes the Prescription Drug User Fee Act and reforms the drug review process
FDA MODERNIZATION ACT 1997
The study of the movement of drugs within biologic systems includes ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISATION AND EXTRACTION.
PHARMACOKINETICS
Drugs must be in liquid form to be absorbed
Drugs advance from dosage form into a form that makes it biologically available for passage into systemic circulation
ABSORPTION
solid or tablet form drug’s phase before absorption
Pharmaceutic Phase
Determinants deciding whether drug will cross cell membrane: Lipid and water solubility.
PASSIVE DIFFUSION
Cell engulf drug particle and form protective coat around and transport across cell membrane.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
✓Pinocytosis
Orally taken drugs may be metabolized or become inactive. Large doses must be taken to attain intended effect.
FIRST-PASS EFFECT
RATE OF DISTRIBUTION DEPENDS ON:
Adequate blood circulation
Protein binding
Drugs Affinity
Process of alteration of structure of drugs or foreign substances
METABOLISM
FACTORS THAT ALTERS METABOLISM RATES:
Age
Health Status
Time of day
Emotional Status
Presence of other drugs in the body
Genetic variation
Disease state
Kidneys are where the excretion commonly takes place.
Other site may be Biliary Tract, Feces, Enterohepatic Cycle later into the Kidney, Lungs, Sweat and Saliva, Mammary Glands.
EXCRETION
PROCESS OF DRUGS WITHIN THE BODY DEPENDS ON:
Age
Nutritional Status
Ethnicity
Existing Physical Condition
Immune Status
State of Mind
Gender
Weight
Environment Factor
Time of day
