units 2-6 test Flashcards
what is a quanta?
the minimum amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom
What is a mole?
a mole is an si unit of measuring quantity
Where are metals, nonmetals, metalloids (semi-metals), transition metals, inner
transition metals?;
metalloids are any elements touching the stairstep (except aluminum), metals are any element to the left of the metalloids, nonmetals are found in the top right of periodic table, transition metals group 3-12 (3B-12B), inner transition metals are the 2 rows found below the periodic table
What types of energy do electrons absorb and emit?; what is the ground state; what is
the excited state; which is more stable?
the ground state is the lowest possible state of an electron; an excited state is anything above that; the ground state is more stable
where are halogens
group 17 (7A)
what is first ionization energy and what is its trend
the amount of energy required to remove the outermost electron; it decreases from top to bottom and increases from left to right
Fusion; uses
fusion is when 2+ small nuclei are forced to combine together to form a bigger nucleus and a huge amount of energy; uses are fusion reactors and the sun
Fission; explanation; uses; abuses;
fission is the breaking down into smaller, more stable nuclei; uses are nuclear power plants; abuses are nuclear bombs
what is radiation
the penetrating rays and particles given off by a radioactive source
where are transition metals
groups 3-12 (3b-12b)
How can mass be used to count things?; How can we count atoms and molecules
mass can be used to count things like moles, atoms or representative particles; 6.02*10^25
where are noble gases
group 18 (8A)
What is Bohr’s Model of the atom
it explained why the atomic emission spectrum for hydrogen only had certain wavelengths of light
wavelength
distance between the crests
how was nuclear chem discovered
becquerel placed a sample of uranium salts down and saw ti was spontaneously giving off energy. then the curies showed that rays emitted by uranium atoms were causing fogging and named this process radioactivity
How are the levels and sublevels arranged?;
energy levels are depicted by a number, sublevels are depicted by a letter
what is the most reactive metal and why
the most reactive metals are at the bottoms and to the left
- metals want to lose electrons
-first ionization energy governs losing electrons
-first ie decreases down a group and increases across a period
What are Periods? ; groups?;
periods are rows labeled 1-7; groups are columns labeled 1-18 or 1a-8a
what is electronegativity and what is its trend
the ability of an atom of an element to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound; it decreases from top to bottom within a group and increases from left to right across a period
where are alkali metals
group 1 (1a)
frequency
the number of wave cycles to pass at a given point
how do different types of light differ?
electromagnetic radiation is energy that moves through space like a wave; atomic emission spectrum is the set of frequencies of the electromagnetic waves emitted by atoms of that element; photoelectric effect is when electrons are emitted from the surface of a metal’s when light of a certain frequency or higher shines on the surface
ampiltude
the waves height from zero to crest
Atomic emission spectrum;
▪ what is it; how can it be used?
it/s the set of frequencies of the electromagnetic waves emitted by atoms of that element
Why isn’t Bohr’s theory thought to be totally correct?; What about the theory is still
accepted?;
some problems were it didnt explain how multiple electrons wouldn’t arrange themselves w/in the energy levels or whther or not you could have more than one electron in an energy level. the part that was accepted was the energy levels
Why is it called periodic?; give examples;
because there’s a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties
What are the major types of nuclear radiation and how can they be distinguished?
alpha loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons; beta converts to a protons and an electron; gamma converts tiny amounts of mass to energy
what is the most reactive nonmetal and why
the most reactive nonmetals are at the top and to the right
-nonmetals want to lose electrons
-electronegativity governs gaining electrons
-electronegativity decreases as you go down and increases as you go right
● Half-life; what is it?; how can you determine a radioisotopes half-life?; how can it be used to
determine how old a sample is?
the amount of time it takes a one half of a sample of radioisotopes to decay; ex: 20 g of Sr-90 w/1.25 g of Sr-90. How much time? 20->10->5->2.5->1.25=116 years
What are the diatomic elements and why are they called diatomic?
h2 n2 o2 f2 cl2 br2 i2 (have no fear of iced cold beer)
Evidence of the particle/packet nature of light;
light isn’t a pure wave of energy, it’s a beam of bundles of energy called photons
How are electron orbitals depicted and why?;
circular orbitals of defined energy
where are alkaline earth metals
group 2 (2A)
what is meant by ‘molar mass’?;
it’s the mass of one mol of a specific element (measured in grams)
What are some properties of metals, nonmetals and metalloids?
metals are good conductors, high luster, ductility, malleability, and tend to lose electrons in chemical reactions; nonmetals are bad conductors, mostly gases at room temp, and tend to gain electrons in chemical reactions; metalloids’ properties can be affected by the conditions it’s exposed to
What are some of the periodic table’s uses?;
it shows the info about the structure of the element’s atoms, shows whether elements are metals, nonmetals, or metalloids
what is atomic radius and what is its trend
it’s one half of the distance between the nuclei of 2 atoms and the same elements when the atoms are joined; it increases from top to bottom within a group and decreases from left to right across a period
