Units 10,12

Question 1

Define Altruism

Answer 1

Unselfish regard to the welfare of others

-One that benefits from another individual at the cost of the original benefitor

Question 2

Define “calculating r”

Answer 2

Probability that the alleles in one individual are identical copies to another individual

Question 3

True or False
Altruism will evolve if (r x b) - c > 0

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What are two predictions of kin selection

Answer 4

1) Individuals should help relatives more than non-kin
2) Individuals should help close relatives more than distant relatives

Question 5

What are the three components of the kin recognition template

Answer 5

1) Production component
2) Perception component
3) Action component

Question 6

Define Production component of the kin recognition template

Answer 6

Nature and development of recognition cues (sending out)

Question 7

Define Perception component of the kin recognition template

Answer 7

Development of the kin recognition template/ sensory detection (receiving the cues)

Question 8

Define Action component of the kin recognition template

Answer 8

Assessing similarities between its recognition template and recognition cues (receiving the final information)

Question 9

Why is Kin selection important

Answer 9

Group Dynamics
Mating

Question 10

Define the Green Beard effect

Answer 10

More likely to recognize someone who looks identical to you and give better treatment to those as well

Question 11

Define Spatial Location

Answer 11

Template learned from cues associated with locations

Question 12

Define Association “growing up together”

Answer 12

Recognition of familiar individuals, only of individuals encountered during the learning of the template

Question 13

What are two requirements for delayed reciprocity

Answer 13

1) Repeated interactions between the same individuals
2) Discrimination against non-reciprocators (cheaters)

Question 14

Define Reciprocity

Answer 14

An exchange of fitness increasing benefits between two individuals

Question 15

Give three examples of reciprocity across humans

Answer 15

1) Giving
2) Favors
3) Economic structures

Question 16

Define paraphyletic group

Answer 16

Includes the common ancestor and some but not all of the ancestors descendants

Question 17

Define polyphyletic group

Answer 17

Does to share the most different recent common ancestor of the group

Question 18

Define monophyletic group

Answer 18

Includes the common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor

Question 19

True or False
A paraphyletic group can be removed from the tree with a single cut

Answer 19

False! Only monophyletic groups can have this happen

Question 20

Define Polytomies

Answer 20

Fan shaped pattern stemming from a single node on the main branch line

Question 21

Define Parsimony

Answer 21

Using the fewest character transitions EVOLVED possible

Question 22

Define Speciation

Answer 22

Process where an ancestral species gives rise to a pair of daughter species

Question 23

Within speciation, what are the three steps in the classical model

Answer 23

1) Isolation of populations within a species
2) Divergence in traits
3) Reproductive isolation

Question 24

Define Reproductive isolation

Answer 24

When gene pools of isolated populations diverge and work independently on each other

Question 25

Define Allopatric speciation

Answer 25

A physical barrier stops gene flow between two subpopulations or populations of a species

Question 26

Define Dispersal

Answer 26

Individuals elect/ leave their original area to move to a different area to create an isolated subpopulation

Question 27

Define Vicariance

Answer 27

A physical boundary manifests over time which causes geographical isolation of populations within a species

Question 28

Define Sympatric speciation

Answer 28

A species may form within the home range of a existing species in the absence of a physical barrier

Question 29

What are the three isolations that occur within "No mating occurs"

Answer 29

1) Habitat isolation 2) Temporal isolation 3) Behavioral isolation

Question 30

What two isolations occur within "Mating is attempted"

Answer 30

1) Mechanical isolation 2) Gametic isolation

Question 31

What are the three things that occur in "Development actually starts" In Post-Zygotic Barriers

Answer 31

1) Reduced Hybrid viability 2) Hybrid sterility 3) Hybrid breakdown

Question 32

What animal is associated with 1) Habitat isolation 2) Temporal Isolation 3) Behavioral isolation

Answer 32

1) Garter snakes 2) Spotted skunks 3) Blue footed boobies

Question 33

What animal is associated with 1) Mechanical isolation 2) Gametic isolation

Answer 33

1) Snails 2) Red and purple urchins

Question 34

What animal is associated with 1) Reduced hybrid viability 2) Hybrid sterility 3) Hybrid breakdown

Answer 34

1) Salamanders 2) Mules 3) Rice

Question 35

Define Polyploidy

Answer 35

The multiplication of whole sets of chromosomes

Question 36

What happens in Reinforcement of hybrid zones

Answer 36

Strengthening reproductive barriers (hybrid offspring have low fitness; hybrids decrease)

Question 37

What happens in Fusion of hybrid zones

Answer 37

Weakening of reproductive barriers (no speciation; hybrids are not formed)

Question 38

What happens in Stability of hybrid zones

Answer 38

Continued formation of hybrid individuals (hybrids can form and breed to produce more)

Question 39

Define Phyletic gradualism

Answer 39

Continuous change at a constant evolutionary pace

Question 40

Define Punctuated equilibrium

Answer 40

Short evolutionary bursts with intervening periods of stability

Question 41

Define evolutionary stasis

Answer 41

Flat periods along the graph that are considered not moving

Question 42

What are two weaknesses of gradualism

Answer 42

1) Too few specimens 2) Stasis needs to be considered data

Question 43

Define Adaptive radiation

Answer 43

Organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms