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Evolution > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q
A

0

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1
Q

What does Conspecific mean

A

Any individuals consisting of the same species

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2
Q

What is the Biological species concept

A

a group of organisms that can successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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3
Q

What is the Typological species concept

A

Members of a species that share characteristics that distinguish them from other species

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4
Q

Define Genetic Species concept

A

Uses similarities of DNA across species to determine if they are conspecific

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5
Q

Define Evolution

A

change in the form and behavior of organisms between generations

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6
Q

Define Microevolutionary Biology

A

Change on the genetic scale…SPECIFICALLY the change in allelic frequencies in an individual or population over time

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7
Q

Define Macroevolutionary Biology

A

Change on the species scale, could be over millions of years

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8
Q

What is Jean Lamarck known for

A

The inheritance of acquired characteristics (giraffes and their long necks)

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9
Q

Who is associated with Catastrophism

A

Georges Cuvier

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10
Q

What is one of Darwins key thoughts while he traveled

A

Individuals varied in a population, these variations could affect an individuals ability to secure resources and survive and reproduce in particular environments

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11
Q

Who did Darwin work closely with

A

Thomas Malthus

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12
Q

What is Thomas Malthus known for

A

Populations cannot grow forever

-A population is evolving when forms of heritable traits change over generations

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13
Q

Define Biogeography

A

The study of patterns in the geographic distribution of species

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14
Q

Define Extant

A

Opposite of extinct/ currently living

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15
Q

Define Endemic

A

Only able to find a species in one specific area

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16
Q

Define Fossils

A

Evidence of earlier forms of life

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17
Q

Define Stratigraphy

A

Study of Rock layers

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18
Q

Define law of superposition

A

Sediment layers are formed in order of formation so that the layer at the bottom is oldest and the top layer is youngest

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19
Q

Define Evolutionary Fitness

A

Ones ability to find resources and be able to survive and reproduce

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20
Q

What are 4 Major Postulates Darwin made

A

1) Individuals within a population differ from one another

2) Differences are passed from parents to offspring

3) Some individuals are more successful at surviving and reproducing than others

4) Successful individuals succeed because of the variant traits inherited by parents

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21
Q

Adaptation equals to what

A

= The Key to Fitness

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22
Q

What does adaption stand for

A

Some heritable aspect of form, function behavior, or development that improves the survival and reproductive capacity of an individual in the environment

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23
Q

What are the 3 major categories of Adaptation

A

Morphological
Physiological
Behavioral

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24
Q

What are the 3 points that Darwinism Involves

A

1) Natural selection is inexorable (impossible to stop or prevent) and unavoidable

2) Individuals will always be striving to reproduce

3) Life times can be viewed as sequences of cost/ benefit decisions about how to maximize reproduction

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25
Q

What are the 2 points that Darwinism does NOT involve

A

1) A theory of biological perfection

2) A guide to social policy or morality

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26
Q

Define Intelligent Design

A

Traits that increase the fitness of individuals that posses them- must result from the actions of a conscious entity

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27
Q

What are 3 major arguments against natural selection

A

1) Evolution by natural selection is unscientific because it is not falsifiable and because it makes no testable predictions

2) Because organisms progress from simpler to more complex forms, evolution violets the second law of thermodynamics

3) No one has ever seen a new species formed, so evolution is unproven. And because evolutionists say speciation is too slow to be directly observed, evolution is unprovable and thus based on faith

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28
Q

What are the 2 key pieces of data that land evidence to Natural Selection and Evolutionary Change

A

1) Searching for a common ancestor

2) Demonstrating change through time

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29
Q

What are 3 weaknesses of the fossil record

A

1) Soft bodied organisms

2) Preservation requirements

3) Actually must find the fossil first!

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30
Q

Define 2 points of Relative Dating of the Law of Superposition

A

1) Changes in certain lineages over time

2) Infer changes in the environment over geological time

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31
Q

Define Law of Succession

A

Fossils and living organisms in the same geological region resemble each other, but are distinct from organisms found in other areas

-Have Common Ancestry!

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32
Q

Define Transitional Forms

A

Fossils that show a transition from the ancestor to the living descendent

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33
Q

List 4 things about Biogeography

A

1) Plate tectonics

2) Patterns of glacial deposits and fossils

3) Changes on land, the ocean and the atmosphere influenced life’s evolution

4) Environments changed at a given location through geologic time

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34
Q

Who designed Biogeographic Realms

A

Sir Alfred Wallace (worked closely with Darwin)

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35
Q

Define Biogeographic Realms

A

the broadest biogeographic division of Earth’s land surface

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36
Q

Define Comparative Morphology

A

similarities in one or more body parts that suggest inheritance from a common ancestor

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37
Q

Define Homologous structures

A

similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor

38
Q

Define Morphological divergence

A

Changes of the body form of a common ancestor

39
Q

Define Morphological convergence (convergent evolution)

A

Not homologous structures, environmental factors cause two completely unrelated species to develop some very similar traits

40
Q

Define Analogous structures

A

biological structures having similar or corresponding functions but not from the same evolutionary origin.

(like wings on birds and insects)

41
Q

Comparative Anatomy : Vestigial Structures

A

-Useless or rudimentary version of a body part that has an important function in other closely related species

-Supports decent with modifications

42
Q

List 4 things about Patterns of Development

A

1) Patterns during the life course of closely related organisms (ex. Chimps and Humans)

2) Patterns in embryonic development

3) Development patterns sift due to mutations in homeotic genes/ homeobox/ HOX genes

4) Important in the study of evolutionary developmental biology

43
Q

Patterns in Early Embryological Development state what

A

Yield clues about common ancestry

44
Q

State 3 things about Biochemistry

A

1) Protein and amino acid sequences compared

2) Nucleic acid comparisons- nucleotide sequences in DNA, discover divergence events

3) Application of utilizing the “Genetic Species Concept

45
Q

Define Microevolution

A

Change in allele frequency over time

46
Q

What are the 4 processes of Genetic equilibrium

A

1) Mutation

2) Genetic Drift

3) Gene Flow

4) Selection

47
Q

Define 3 things about Alleles

A

1) Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters

2)Genes exists in alternate forms= Alleles

3) Gene for flower color in a pea can be allele for purple color or for white color

48
Q

Define Polygenic

A

Multiple allele and genes that control an outward trait

49
Q

What is the difference between Homozygosity and Heterozygosity

A

For each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent

50
Q

Define Homozygous

A

The two alleles at a locus on a chromosome may be identical “true breeding”

51
Q

Define Heterozygous

A

The two alleles at a locus differ

52
Q

Difference between Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles

A

The Dominate allele determines the organisms appearance

The Recessive allele has no noticeable effect on appearance (unless homozygous recessive)

DOMINATE DOES NOT MEAN MORE PREVALENT IN APPEARING

53
Q

Define Phenotype

A

Physical appearance (what you see)

54
Q

Define Genotype

A

Genetic makeup (genes)

55
Q

Define Law of Segregation

A

-The two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

-Egg or sperm gets only one of the two alleles that are present in the cells of an organism

56
Q

What are the 4 factors of the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

A

1) No mutations

2) Fully isolated- no gene flow in and out of the population

3) Alleles have no effect on fitness (no selection)

4) All mating is random- no active mate choice

57
Q

What is the combination of alleles (the genotype) formula

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

58
Q

What is the formula for frequency of one allele formula

A

p + q = 1

59
Q

What does P^2 stand for

A

The frequency of homozygous dominate individuals for the trait in question for that population

60
Q

What does 2pq stand for

A

As a whole the frequency of heterozygote individuals

61
Q

What does q^2 stand for

A

Frequency of homozygous recessive for individuals of a trait in a population in a given environment

62
Q

What does P stand for

A

The frequency of the dominant allele in a population

63
Q

What does Q stand for

A

The frequency of the recessive allele in a population

64
Q

Define Mutations

A

Raw material for evolutionary change

65
Q

What is the rate of mutations

A

One in every few million base pairs

66
Q

Which fitness effects are selected for and selected against

1) Lethal Mutations
2) Deleterious Mutations
3) Neutral Mutations
4) Beneficial Mutations

A

1) Lethal Mutations-selected against

2) Deleterious Mutations-selected against

3) Neutral Mutations- no selection

4) Beneficial Mutations- selected for

67
Q

Definition of Evolution

A

Accumulations of mutations lead to evolution- time rates vary

68
Q

Mutation rates vary across species and may lead to rapid evolution

-Consider what 2 factors

A

1) The frequency of mutations occurring

2) Generation time for the species lineage

69
Q

Define Genetic Drift

A

Change in the frequencies of alleles in a population resulting from sampling error in drawing gametes from the gene pool to make zygotes and from chance variation in the survival and or reproductive success of individuals; results in non-adaptive evolution

70
Q

Define Founder effects for Genetic drift and alleles moving to fixation

A

A few individuals from a population start a new population with a different allele frequency than the original population

71
Q

Source vs. Sink populations
Founder effects can lead to what 2 factors

A

1) Genetic drift

2) Sink population dynamics if gene flow is shut off

72
Q

Founder effects and Human Health

List 5 diseases

A

1) Sickle cell disease
2) Huntingtons disease
3) Maple syrup urine disease
4) Meleda disease
5) Tay-sachs disease

73
Q

Define Migration

A

Movement of alleles between populations

74
Q

Define Gene flow

A

The transfer of alleles from the gene pool of one population to the gene pool of another population

75
Q

What are some conservation applications for Migration and Gene flow

A

Gene flow and small populations, promoting genetic diversity across subpopulations

76
Q

What conservation application promotes gene flow

A

Wildlife corridors

77
Q

Define Directional selection

A

In directional selection allele frequencies give rise to a range of variation in phenotype that tend to shift in a consistent direction

78
Q

Define Stabilizing selection

A

In stabilizing selection intermediate forms of a trait in a population are favored and alleles for the extreme forms are not

79
Q

Define Disruptive selection and give an example

A

In disruptive selection forms at both ends of the range of variation are favored and intermediate forms are selected against

EX: African Finch populations in Cameroon

80
Q

Define the term aposematism

A
81
Q

Give an example of aposematism of convergent evolution

A
82
Q

What is transitional form in evolutionary biology

A
83
Q

Give an example of transitional form in evolutionary biology

A
84
Q

Briefly explain how the field of biogeography can be used to determine the common ancestry of a group of species

A
85
Q

What are HOX/ Homeotic genes

A
86
Q

How can HOX genes be used to determine the evolutionary relationship among vertebrate species

A
87
Q

Define Source population

A

Any population in which the birth rate exceeds the death rate

88
Q

Define Sink population

A

Any population in which the date rate exceeds the birth rate

89
Q

Briefly explain why mutations that cause cancer in elderly have not been heavily selected against in the human population

A

They only affect people, post reproduction. No reason to want to fix it after that age

90
Q

Define Bottleneck event with example

A

Example- natural disaster
Drastically decreases population or causes population to almost not exist

91
Q

Define Founder effect with example

A

Small break off from main population and establish an isolated population

92
Q

True or False
Genetic drift is also sometimes known as “nonadaptive evolution”

A

True

93
Q

Name two criteria that must be in place for a population to remain in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A

Random mating
No mutations
Alleles don’t effect fitness

(Anything that could prevent evolution)

Evolution (7 decks)

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