Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
A
0
1
Q
What does Conspecific mean
A
Any individuals consisting of the same species
2
Q
What is the Biological species concept
A
a group of organisms that can successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring
3
Q
What is the Typological species concept
A
Members of a species that share characteristics that distinguish them from other species
4
Q
Define Genetic Species concept
A
Uses similarities of DNA across species to determine if they are conspecific
5
Q
Define Evolution
A
change in the form and behavior of organisms between generations
6
Q
Define Microevolutionary Biology
A
Change on the genetic scale…SPECIFICALLY the change in allelic frequencies in an individual or population over time
7
Q
Define Macroevolutionary Biology
A
Change on the species scale, could be over millions of years
8
Q
What is Jean Lamarck known for
A
The inheritance of acquired characteristics (giraffes and their long necks)
9
Q
Who is associated with Catastrophism
A
Georges Cuvier
10
Q
What is one of Darwins key thoughts while he traveled
A
Individuals varied in a population, these variations could affect an individuals ability to secure resources and survive and reproduce in particular environments
11
Q
Who did Darwin work closely with
A
Thomas Malthus
12
Q
What is Thomas Malthus known for
A
Populations cannot grow forever
-A population is evolving when forms of heritable traits change over generations
13
Q
Define Biogeography
A
The study of patterns in the geographic distribution of species
14
Q
Define Extant
A
Opposite of extinct/ currently living
15
Q
Define Endemic
A
Only able to find a species in one specific area
16
Q
Define Fossils
A
Evidence of earlier forms of life
17
Q
Define Stratigraphy
A
Study of Rock layers
18
Q
Define law of superposition
A
Sediment layers are formed in order of formation so that the layer at the bottom is oldest and the top layer is youngest
19
Q
Define Evolutionary Fitness
A
Ones ability to find resources and be able to survive and reproduce
20
Q
What are 4 Major Postulates Darwin made
A
1) Individuals within a population differ from one another
2) Differences are passed from parents to offspring
3) Some individuals are more successful at surviving and reproducing than others
4) Successful individuals succeed because of the variant traits inherited by parents
21
Q
Adaptation equals to what
A
= The Key to Fitness
22
Q
What does adaption stand for
A
Some heritable aspect of form, function behavior, or development that improves the survival and reproductive capacity of an individual in the environment
23
Q
What are the 3 major categories of Adaptation
A
Morphological
Physiological
Behavioral
24
What are the 3 points that Darwinism Involves
1) Natural selection is inexorable (impossible to stop or prevent) and unavoidable
2) Individuals will always be striving to reproduce
3) Life times can be viewed as sequences of cost/ benefit decisions about how to maximize reproduction
25
What are the 2 points that Darwinism does NOT involve
1) A theory of biological perfection
2) A guide to social policy or morality
26
Define Intelligent Design
Traits that increase the fitness of individuals that posses them- must result from the actions of a conscious entity
27
What are 3 major arguments against natural selection
1) Evolution by natural selection is unscientific because it is not falsifiable and because it makes no testable predictions
2) Because organisms progress from simpler to more complex forms, evolution violets the second law of thermodynamics
3) No one has ever seen a new species formed, so evolution is unproven. And because evolutionists say speciation is too slow to be directly observed, evolution is unprovable and thus based on faith
28
What are the 2 key pieces of data that land evidence to Natural Selection and Evolutionary Change
1) Searching for a common ancestor
2) Demonstrating change through time
29
What are 3 weaknesses of the fossil record
1) Soft bodied organisms
2) Preservation requirements
3) Actually must find the fossil first!
30
Define 2 points of Relative Dating of the Law of Superposition
1) Changes in certain lineages over time
2) Infer changes in the environment over geological time
31
Define Law of Succession
Fossils and living organisms in the same geological region resemble each other, but are distinct from organisms found in other areas
-Have Common Ancestry!
32
Define Transitional Forms
Fossils that show a transition from the ancestor to the living descendent
33
List 4 things about Biogeography
1) Plate tectonics
2) Patterns of glacial deposits and fossils
3) Changes on land, the ocean and the atmosphere influenced life's evolution
4) Environments changed at a given location through geologic time
34
Who designed Biogeographic Realms
Sir Alfred Wallace (worked closely with Darwin)
35
Define Biogeographic Realms
the broadest biogeographic division of Earth's land surface
36
Define Comparative Morphology
similarities in one or more body parts that suggest inheritance from a common ancestor
37
Define Homologous structures
similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor
38
Define Morphological divergence
Changes of the body form of a common ancestor
39
Define Morphological convergence (convergent evolution)
Not homologous structures, environmental factors cause two completely unrelated species to develop some very similar traits
40
Define Analogous structures
biological structures having similar or corresponding functions but not from the same evolutionary origin.
(like wings on birds and insects)
41
Comparative Anatomy : Vestigial Structures
-Useless or rudimentary version of a body part that has an important function in other closely related species
-Supports decent with modifications
42
List 4 things about Patterns of Development
1) Patterns during the life course of closely related organisms (ex. Chimps and Humans)
2) Patterns in embryonic development
3) Development patterns sift due to mutations in homeotic genes/ homeobox/ HOX genes
4) Important in the study of evolutionary developmental biology
43
Patterns in Early Embryological Development state what
Yield clues about common ancestry
44
State 3 things about Biochemistry
1) Protein and amino acid sequences compared
2) Nucleic acid comparisons- nucleotide sequences in DNA, discover divergence events
3) Application of utilizing the "Genetic Species Concept
45
Define Microevolution
Change in allele frequency over time
46
What are the 4 processes of Genetic equilibrium
1) Mutation
2) Genetic Drift
3) Gene Flow
4) Selection
47
Define 3 things about Alleles
1) Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters
2)Genes exists in alternate forms= Alleles
3) Gene for flower color in a pea can be allele for purple color or for white color
48
Define Polygenic
Multiple allele and genes that control an outward trait
49
What is the difference between Homozygosity and Heterozygosity
For each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent
50
Define Homozygous
The two alleles at a locus on a chromosome may be identical "true breeding"
51
Define Heterozygous
The two alleles at a locus differ
52
Difference between Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles
The Dominate allele determines the organisms appearance
The Recessive allele has no noticeable effect on appearance (unless homozygous recessive)
DOMINATE DOES NOT MEAN MORE PREVALENT IN APPEARING
53
Define Phenotype
Physical appearance (what you see)
54
Define Genotype
Genetic makeup (genes)
55
Define Law of Segregation
-The two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
-Egg or sperm gets only one of the two alleles that are present in the cells of an organism
56
What are the 4 factors of the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
1) No mutations
2) Fully isolated- no gene flow in and out of the population
3) Alleles have no effect on fitness (no selection)
4) All mating is random- no active mate choice
57
What is the combination of alleles (the genotype) formula
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
58
What is the formula for frequency of one allele formula
p + q = 1
59
What does P^2 stand for
The frequency of homozygous dominate individuals for the trait in question for that population
60
What does 2pq stand for
As a whole the frequency of heterozygote individuals
61
What does q^2 stand for
Frequency of homozygous recessive for individuals of a trait in a population in a given environment
62
What does P stand for
The frequency of the dominant allele in a population
63
What does Q stand for
The frequency of the recessive allele in a population
64
Define Mutations
Raw material for evolutionary change
65
What is the rate of mutations
One in every few million base pairs
66
Which fitness effects are selected for and selected against
1) Lethal Mutations
2) Deleterious Mutations
3) Neutral Mutations
4) Beneficial Mutations
1) Lethal Mutations-selected against
2) Deleterious Mutations-selected against
3) Neutral Mutations- no selection
4) Beneficial Mutations- selected for
67
Definition of Evolution
Accumulations of mutations lead to evolution- time rates vary
68
Mutation rates vary across species and may lead to rapid evolution
-Consider what 2 factors
1) The frequency of mutations occurring
2) Generation time for the species lineage
69
Define Genetic Drift
Change in the frequencies of alleles in a population resulting from sampling error in drawing gametes from the gene pool to make zygotes and from chance variation in the survival and or reproductive success of individuals; results in non-adaptive evolution
70
Define Founder effects for Genetic drift and alleles moving to fixation
A few individuals from a population start a new population with a different allele frequency than the original population
71
Source vs. Sink populations
Founder effects can lead to what 2 factors
1) Genetic drift
2) Sink population dynamics if gene flow is shut off
72
Founder effects and Human Health
List 5 diseases
1) Sickle cell disease
2) Huntingtons disease
3) Maple syrup urine disease
4) Meleda disease
5) Tay-sachs disease
73
Define Migration
Movement of alleles between populations
74
Define Gene flow
The transfer of alleles from the gene pool of one population to the gene pool of another population
75
What are some conservation applications for Migration and Gene flow
Gene flow and small populations, promoting genetic diversity across subpopulations
76
What conservation application promotes gene flow
Wildlife corridors
77
Define Directional selection
In directional selection allele frequencies give rise to a range of variation in phenotype that tend to shift in a consistent direction
78
Define Stabilizing selection
In stabilizing selection intermediate forms of a trait in a population are favored and alleles for the extreme forms are not
79
Define Disruptive selection and give an example
In disruptive selection forms at both ends of the range of variation are favored and intermediate forms are selected against
EX: African Finch populations in Cameroon
80
Define the term aposematism
81
Give an example of aposematism of convergent evolution
82
What is transitional form in evolutionary biology
83
Give an example of transitional form in evolutionary biology
84
Briefly explain how the field of biogeography can be used to determine the common ancestry of a group of species
85
What are HOX/ Homeotic genes
86
How can HOX genes be used to determine the evolutionary relationship among vertebrate species
87
Define Source population
Any population in which the birth rate exceeds the death rate
88
Define Sink population
Any population in which the date rate exceeds the birth rate
89
Briefly explain why mutations that cause cancer in elderly have not been heavily selected against in the human population
They only affect people, post reproduction. No reason to want to fix it after that age
90
Define Bottleneck event with example
Example- natural disaster
Drastically decreases population or causes population to almost not exist
91
Define Founder effect with example
Small break off from main population and establish an isolated population
92
True or False
Genetic drift is also sometimes known as "nonadaptive evolution"
True
93
Name two criteria that must be in place for a population to remain in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Random mating
No mutations
Alleles don't effect fitness
(Anything that could prevent evolution)
