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Evolution > Final Exam (13-16) > Flashcards

Final Exam (13-16) Flashcards

This covers lectures 13 to 16, over 50% of the final is from these topics.

1
Q

Define Glaciation

A

Periods of freezing over the world

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2
Q

Define Interglacial

A

No standing ice on the earth

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3
Q

What major event happened in the Cambrian period

A

Burgess Shale

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4
Q

What major event happened in the Ordovician period

A

First land plants appear

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5
Q

What major event happened in the Devonian period

A

Placoderms rule the ocean

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6
Q

What major event happened in the Carboniferous period

A

Evolution of the amniotic egg

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7
Q

What major event happened in the Permian period

A

Largest mass extinction in geological time

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8
Q

Provide the sequence of events that led to the Ordovician Mass Extinction Event (5 steps)

A

1) Moss-like plants begin to invade land and cover rocky material
2) Weathering of rocks
3) Algal blooms die
4) Oceans are depleted of oxygen
5) Marine animals die off

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9
Q

Which two greenhouse gases led to the rapid heating of the earth at the end of the Permian period

A

Carbon dioxide
Methane

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10
Q

List the 4 chambers of the amniotic egg

A

1) Amnion
2) Allantois
3) Chorion
4) Yolk Sac

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11
Q

What does each of the 4 major chambers of the amniotic egg do
1) Amnion
2) Allantois
3) Chorion
4) Yolk Sac

A

1) Amnion- Cushion and protect developing embryo with fluid

2) Allantois- Allows embryo to store waste

3) Chorion- Aid in gas exchange

4) Yolk Sac- Nourish the embryo

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12
Q

Which period has the Origin of seedless vascular plants

A

The Silurian Period

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13
Q

What is the name for the first amphibians

A

Ichthyostega

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14
Q

Which period has the origin of seed plants (gymnosperms)

A

The Carboniferous Period

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15
Q

Which period has the origin of reptiles (amniotic egg)

A

The Carboniferous Period

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16
Q

Which period has the origin of mammals

A

The Triassic Period

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17
Q

Which period has the origin of birds

A

The Jurassic Period

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18
Q

What are the 4 mass extinction events
(List in order from oldest to newest)

A

1) End of Ordovician Mass Extinction
2) End of Devonian Mass Extinction
3) The Great Permian Extinction
4) End of Triassic Extinction

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19
Q

What are Monotremes

A

Egg laying mammals

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20
Q

What are Marsupials

A

Mammals have pouches for babies

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21
Q

What are Eutherians

A

Placental mammals

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22
Q

Which period has the origin of second seed plant species (angiosperms)

A

The Cretaceous Period

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23
Q

What is the name for the first land plants

A

Bryophytes

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24
Q

Which period has the origin of ferns (seedless vascular plants)

A

The Devonian Period

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25
What are 2 reasons for moving to land
1) Open terrestrial niche hypothesis (reduction of competition to be exploited on land) 2) Adaptations to shallow water/ pond edge (productive environment)
26
What are 2 major reasons for the devonian mass extinction
1) Weathering or rock material once again 2) Increased rates of photosynthesis with larger plants, pulling additional CO2 out of the atmosphere
27
Which period does Pangea officially form
The Permian Period
28
Which period has the origin of turtles
The Permian Period
29
What are the 3 phases of the great permian extinction
1) Siberian traps event 2) Oceans destabilize 3) Land ecosystems destabilize
30
What are the 6 periods within the Paleozoic Era (from oldest to newest)
1) The Cambrian 2) The Ordovician 3) The Silurian 4) The Devonian 5) The Carboniferous 6) The Permian
31
What are the 3 periods within the Mesozoic Era (from oldest to newest)
1) The Triassic 2) The Jurassic 3) The Cretaceous
32
What are the 3 hypotheses regarding the formation of the earths moon
1) Co-Formation theory 2) Capture theory 3) Giant Impact Hypothesis
33
What eon has the formation of the planets and solar system
The Hadean Eon
34
What is the origin of earths magnetic field
The spinning of the metallic inner core and currents in the metallic outer core create a magnetic field
35
Which eon has the origin of earth's oceans and origin of very simple life (such as bacteria)
The Archean Eon
36
The early precursors to life originated on the earth's surface is what model
The Oparin-Haldane Model
37
Where could Stanley miller's experiment occurred (water, methane, hydrogen, and ammonia + energy source= amino acids and other small organic compounds)
1) Hydrothermal vents 2) Complex proteins in clay of tidal flats
38
Define Monomers
The abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules (basic building blocks of biomolecules)
39
Define Polymers
The joining of small molecules into macromolecules including proteins
40
Define Membranes
The packaging of molecules into protobionts
41
Define Mitosis/ True cellular life
The origin of self replicating molecules that made inheritance possible
42
What does IDA stand for
Initial Darwinian ancestor
43
What do we know about IDA
1) Single celled 2) Prokaryotic
44
What does LUCA stand for
Last Universal common ancestor
45
Bacteria and Archaea originate in what eon
The Archaean Eon
46
Eukarya originated in what eon
The Proterozoic Eon
47
The Proterozoic Eon contains what massive continent
Rodinia
48
Regarding the 3 hypotheses of the formation of earth's moon, which is the most supported (define it as well)
Giant Impact Hypothesis- something big as mars collided into earth, debris spread out around the earths gravitational pull in a ring shape and molten debris eventually formed into the moon
49
Why was the creation of the earth's magnetosphere a necessary precursor for the origin of life
Emits gamma rays and solar rays, it would immediately destroy everything but earth's magnetic field protects itself
50
Define accidental panspermia
Simple organic molecules which life was built may have formed in space, then it fell to earth
51
What are the 5 trends that define the lineage leading to humans
1) Enhanced daytime vision 2) Upright walking 3) Power grip and precision grip 4) Teeth for all occasions 5) Brains, behavior, and culture
52
What are the three major groups of direct ancestors to humans (includes extinct lineages)
1) Early Hominids 2) Australopithecines 3) Homo
53
Humans are members of what genus
Homo
54
Who were the first tool makers
Australopithecus sedia (Austra-lopi-thecus sedia)
55
True or False Polytomies no longer exist in human evolution
False! Polytomies do exist
56
True or False Not all phylogenetic relationships among the species of fossils hominids have been resolved
True
57
The Laetoli footprints were formed and preserved by a chance combination of events What were some of the events? (3 choices)
-Volcanic eruption -Rainstorm -Ashfall from volcanos
58
Who found the Australopithecines fossils and where did they find them
The Johnson and White teams in Ethiopia
59
Why is Louis and Mary Leakey important and why is this important
-Discovered Homo Habilis -Filled in important missing links in the human evolution story
60
What are 3 major things about the Homo lineage
-Development of advanced brains -Verbal skills -Complex social behavior
61
Define Homo erectus
-Species closely related to modern humans - First "humans" to start walking up completely straight
62
What is the coined term of the first humans to start walking up completely straight
Called "Upright man"
63
Homo heidelbergensis began to develop regional differences that gave rise to what two species of humans
1) Homo neanderthalensis (the neanderthals) 2) Homo sapiens
64
True or False H. sapiens Co-existed with H. Erectus and H. neanderthalensis
True
65
What did enhanced daytime vision do for humans
Rods and cones in eyes to see dim light
66
What is used for power grip and precision grip in humans
Opposable thumbs
67
Which part of the brain is the most important in humans
Cerebral cortex
68
Where were Homo erectus fossils found
-Europe -China -Middle East -Southeast Asia
69
What are some important things about Homo erectus (3 things)
1) Cultural changes 2) Larger brains 3) More creative toolmakers

Evolution (7 decks)

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