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Evolution > Final Exam (13-16) > Flashcards

Final Exam (13-16) Flashcards

This covers lectures 13 to 16, over 50% of the final is from these topics.

1
Q

Define Glaciation

A

Periods of freezing over the world

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2
Q

Define Interglacial

A

No standing ice on the earth

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3
Q

What major event happened in the Cambrian period

A

Burgess Shale

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4
Q

What major event happened in the Ordovician period

A

First land plants appear

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5
Q

What major event happened in the Devonian period

A

Placoderms rule the ocean

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6
Q

What major event happened in the Carboniferous period

A

Evolution of the amniotic egg

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7
Q

What major event happened in the Permian period

A

Largest mass extinction in geological time

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8
Q

Provide the sequence of events that led to the Ordovician Mass Extinction Event (5 steps)

A

1) Moss-like plants begin to invade land and cover rocky material
2) Weathering of rocks
3) Algal blooms die
4) Oceans are depleted of oxygen
5) Marine animals die off

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9
Q

Which two greenhouse gases led to the rapid heating of the earth at the end of the Permian period

A

Carbon dioxide
Methane

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10
Q

List the 4 chambers of the amniotic egg

A

1) Amnion
2) Allantois
3) Chorion
4) Yolk Sac

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11
Q

What does each of the 4 major chambers of the amniotic egg do
1) Amnion
2) Allantois
3) Chorion
4) Yolk Sac

A

1) Amnion- Cushion and protect developing embryo with fluid

2) Allantois- Allows embryo to store waste

3) Chorion- Aid in gas exchange

4) Yolk Sac- Nourish the embryo

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12
Q

Which period has the Origin of seedless vascular plants

A

The Silurian Period

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13
Q

What is the name for the first amphibians

A

Ichthyostega

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14
Q

Which period has the origin of seed plants (gymnosperms)

A

The Carboniferous Period

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15
Q

Which period has the origin of reptiles (amniotic egg)

A

The Carboniferous Period

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16
Q

Which period has the origin of mammals

A

The Triassic Period

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17
Q

Which period has the origin of birds

A

The Jurassic Period

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18
Q

What are the 4 mass extinction events
(List in order from oldest to newest)

A

1) End of Ordovician Mass Extinction
2) End of Devonian Mass Extinction
3) The Great Permian Extinction
4) End of Triassic Extinction

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19
Q

What are Monotremes

A

Egg laying mammals

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20
Q

What are Marsupials

A

Mammals have pouches for babies

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21
Q

What are Eutherians

A

Placental mammals

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22
Q

Which period has the origin of second seed plant species (angiosperms)

A

The Cretaceous Period

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23
Q

What is the name for the first land plants

A

Bryophytes

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24
Q

Which period has the origin of ferns (seedless vascular plants)

A

The Devonian Period

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25
Q

What are 2 reasons for moving to land

A

1) Open terrestrial niche hypothesis (reduction of competition to be exploited on land)

2) Adaptations to shallow water/ pond edge (productive environment)

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26
Q

What are 2 major reasons for the devonian mass extinction

A

1) Weathering or rock material once again
2) Increased rates of photosynthesis with larger plants, pulling additional CO2 out of the atmosphere

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27
Q

Which period does Pangea officially form

A

The Permian Period

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28
Q

Which period has the origin of turtles

A

The Permian Period

29
Q

What are the 3 phases of the great permian extinction

A

1) Siberian traps event
2) Oceans destabilize
3) Land ecosystems destabilize

30
Q

What are the 6 periods within the Paleozoic Era (from oldest to newest)

A

1) The Cambrian
2) The Ordovician
3) The Silurian
4) The Devonian
5) The Carboniferous
6) The Permian

31
Q

What are the 3 periods within the Mesozoic Era (from oldest to newest)

A

1) The Triassic
2) The Jurassic
3) The Cretaceous

32
Q

What are the 3 hypotheses regarding the formation of the earths moon

A

1) Co-Formation theory
2) Capture theory
3) Giant Impact Hypothesis

33
Q

What eon has the formation of the planets and solar system

A

The Hadean Eon

34
Q

What is the origin of earths magnetic field

A

The spinning of the metallic inner core and currents in the metallic outer core create a magnetic field

35
Q

Which eon has the origin of earth’s oceans and origin of very simple life (such as bacteria)

A

The Archean Eon

36
Q

The early precursors to life originated on the earth’s surface is what model

A

The Oparin-Haldane Model

37
Q

Where could Stanley miller’s experiment occurred
(water, methane, hydrogen, and ammonia + energy source= amino acids and other small organic compounds)

A

1) Hydrothermal vents
2) Complex proteins in clay of tidal flats

38
Q

Define Monomers

A

The abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules (basic building blocks of biomolecules)

39
Q

Define Polymers

A

The joining of small molecules into macromolecules including proteins

40
Q

Define Membranes

A

The packaging of molecules into protobionts

41
Q

Define Mitosis/ True cellular life

A

The origin of self replicating molecules that made inheritance possible

42
Q

What does IDA stand for

A

Initial Darwinian ancestor

43
Q

What do we know about IDA

A

1) Single celled
2) Prokaryotic

44
Q

What does LUCA stand for

A

Last Universal common ancestor

45
Q

Bacteria and Archaea originate in what eon

A

The Archaean Eon

46
Q

Eukarya originated in what eon

A

The Proterozoic Eon

47
Q

The Proterozoic Eon contains what massive continent

A

Rodinia

48
Q

Regarding the 3 hypotheses of the formation of earth’s moon, which is the most supported (define it as well)

A

Giant Impact Hypothesis- something big as mars collided into earth, debris spread out around the earths gravitational pull in a ring shape and molten debris eventually formed into the moon

49
Q

Why was the creation of the earth’s magnetosphere a necessary precursor for the origin of life

A

Emits gamma rays and solar rays, it would immediately destroy everything but earth’s magnetic field protects itself

50
Q

Define accidental panspermia

A

Simple organic molecules which life was built may have formed in space, then it fell to earth

51
Q

What are the 5 trends that define the lineage leading to humans

A

1) Enhanced daytime vision
2) Upright walking
3) Power grip and precision grip
4) Teeth for all occasions
5) Brains, behavior, and culture

52
Q

What are the three major groups of direct ancestors to humans (includes extinct lineages)

A

1) Early Hominids
2) Australopithecines
3) Homo

53
Q

Humans are members of what genus

A

Homo

54
Q

Who were the first tool makers

A

Australopithecus sedia

(Austra-lopi-thecus sedia)

55
Q

True or False
Polytomies no longer exist in human evolution

A

False! Polytomies do exist

56
Q

True or False
Not all phylogenetic relationships among the species of fossils hominids have been resolved

A

True

57
Q

The Laetoli footprints were formed and preserved by a chance combination of events

What were some of the events? (3 choices)

A

-Volcanic eruption
-Rainstorm
-Ashfall from volcanos

58
Q

Who found the Australopithecines fossils and where did they find them

A

The Johnson and White teams in Ethiopia

59
Q

Why is Louis and Mary Leakey important and why is this important

A

-Discovered Homo Habilis

-Filled in important missing links in the human evolution story

60
Q

What are 3 major things about the Homo lineage

A

-Development of advanced brains

-Verbal skills

-Complex social behavior

61
Q

Define Homo erectus

A

-Species closely related to modern humans

  • First “humans” to start walking up completely straight
62
Q

What is the coined term of the first humans to start walking up completely straight

A

Called “Upright man”

63
Q

Homo heidelbergensis began to develop regional differences that gave rise to what two species of humans

A

1) Homo neanderthalensis (the neanderthals)

2) Homo sapiens

64
Q

True or False H. sapiens Co-existed with H. Erectus and H. neanderthalensis

A

True

65
Q

What did enhanced daytime vision do for humans

A

Rods and cones in eyes to see dim light

66
Q

What is used for power grip and precision grip in humans

A

Opposable thumbs

67
Q

Which part of the brain is the most important in humans

A

Cerebral cortex

68
Q

Where were Homo erectus fossils found

A

-Europe
-China
-Middle East
-Southeast Asia

69
Q

What are some important things about Homo erectus (3 things)

A

1) Cultural changes
2) Larger brains
3) More creative toolmakers

Evolution (7 decks)

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