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Evolution > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two levels of Analysis

A

Mechanisms (physiological, cognitive)

Ontogenetic processes

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2
Q
A

0

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3
Q

Describe Ontogenetic process

A

amount of stored fat

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4
Q

Describe Fitness effects

A

Effects reproduction and survival

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5
Q

Describe Evolutionary origins

A

Strong male biases

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6
Q

Describe Spandrels
(The Spandrels of San Marco)

A

a spandrel is a phenotypic characteristic that is a byproduct of some other characteristic

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7
Q

List 4 advantages of Sexual Reproduction in Female choice

A

-Each offspring is unique

-More genetic variation

-Population able to adapt to changes

-Increased diversity improves the chance that some offspring will survive to reproduce

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8
Q

List 4 disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction (Female choice)

A

-Time and energy to find a mate

-Fewer offspring

-Tends to require more parental care

-Diseases

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9
Q

Define Sexual Selection

A

The selection for traits that increase an individual’s mating success

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10
Q

What does Natural Selection refer to

A

A selection of traits that help an individual’s survival and reproductive success

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11
Q

Define Sexual Dimorphism

A

Differences between the sexes, often in morphological or behavioral traits

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12
Q

List 2 Components of Sexual Selection

A

Female choice

Male-Male competition

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13
Q

Definition of Sex

A

Conflict between the sexes is linked to offspring care

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14
Q

Define Bateman’s Principle
(Male RS is?)
(Female RS is?)

A

-Male RS is limited by access to females

-Female RS is most limited by:
1) resources needed for egg
2) nourishment of offspring

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15
Q

Define Anisogamy

A

The fusion of two gametes that differ in size or form

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16
Q

Define Good Gene Hypothesis

A

Females will choose males with the most desirable genetic combinations that will maximize her fitness and the offspring’s fitness

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17
Q

List 4 examples of Good Gene Hypothesis

A

1) Testosterone based signals

2) Diversity of Genes in the Immune System

3) Symmetry of physical body features

4) Time costly displays and behaviors

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18
Q

What does MHC stand for

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

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19
Q

List some features of Testosterone based signals

A

-Decreased fat stores
-Aggressive behavior in males
-Increased mortality

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20
Q

True or False
Females prefer traits linked to high testosterone

A

True
-Female Japanese quail visually differentiate testosterone dependent male attractiveness for mating preferences

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21
Q

List 3 things about the Immune system

(example 2 in good gene hypothesis)

A

-A set of genes involved in pathogen resistance

-Wide variation of MHC is preferred by females

-Non-similar MHC is preferred by females

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22
Q

Define Developmental Stability

A

Measurement of an organism’s ability to handle changing environments as it matures

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23
Q

Describe Time-Costly Behaviors and Displays
(Ex. BowerBird Males)

A

Time and effort put in by males in the mating ritual process is a good indicator of their good genetic health

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24
Q

Define Fisherian Runaway Sexual Selection Model
(Hint: Tail)

A

-The tail becomes longer and more elaborate (usually males)

-An extreme example of directional selection

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25
Q

Describe Sensory Exploitation Hypothesis

A

Explains male secondary sexual characters as adaptations to exploit female responses that were involved in non-sexual contexts

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26
Q

True or False
The Polygyny Threshold Model is directed by male-male competition

A

False, directed by Female Choice

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27
Q

What does EPC stand for

A

Extra pair copulations

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28
Q

Define Resource defense polygyny

(Male-Male competition)

A

Males gain access to females indirectly, monopolizing access to resources is valuable to females

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29
Q

Define Female defense polygyny

(Male-Male competition)

A

Males gain access to females directly by fighting rivals away from areas where groups of females occur

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30
Q

Define Leks

(Male-Male competition)

A

Males defend locations where females are likely to be encountered

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31
Q

Define Scramble competition polygyny

(Male-Male competition)

A

Males search for widely dispersed females

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32
Q

Describe Resource defense polygyny in Bullfrogs

A

-Bigger bullfrog males get better (warmer) territories where there is less predation and the tadpoles develop faster

-Bigger males lose fewer tadpoles and achieve higher reproductive success

33
Q

Describe Female defense polygyny in Elephant seals

A

-Typically, little to no female choice in these systems

-Elephant seals, dominance, and number of successful copulations

34
Q

Describe Lek polygyny

A

-Typically no male-male competition
-Mostly displays and calling between males that females watch and judge

-Lek is a circle in which the most alpha males stay inside of it and show off to females to show dominance. the females will determine which is the strongest and most viable to reproduce with

35
Q

Describe Scramble competition polygyny in Horse shoe crabs

A

-Females are mobile and dispersed widely

-Individual crabs come up on a beach, if female shows up, will most likely be mobbed by males

36
Q

True or False
Males typically live longer than females

A

True

37
Q

Describe Alternative male behaviors

A

-Non-classical approaches to mating can be beneficial sometimes

-Not always the “strongest” or “best-looking” males are chosen

38
Q

Describe Sperm competition

A

-Mating Guarding (behavioral traits)

-Remove competitors sperm (morphological traits, some males have barbed spines on penis to remove past males sperm within female)

39
Q

List some Sperm competition and define if
Morphological, Physiological, or Behavioral trait

A

-Repeated matings (behavioral traits)

-Increased sperm numbers (physiological traits)

-Duration of intercourse (behavioral traits)

-Sperm structure (morphological diversity of sperm)

40
Q

Define an ESS

A

A strategy that cannot be invaded by an alternative mutant strategy

41
Q

What are some mating strategies in Bullfrogs

A

Callers and Satellites

42
Q

True or False Satellite strategy is conditional (bullfrogs)

A

True

43
Q

What are some mating strategies for Horned Beetles

A

Fighters and sneakers

44
Q

True or False Strategies are fixed/ not conditional (horned beetles)

A

True

45
Q

What are some mating strategies for Bluegill sunfish

A

Influenced by body size

46
Q

True or False Strategy is fixed (bluegill sunfish)

A

True

47
Q

Define Mixed ESS in Bluegill sunfish

A

those that play alternative mating strategies typically have equal fitness to the parental males

48
Q

Define Polyandrous system

A

Females are physically dominant and hold harems of males

49
Q

What are the 4 kinds of social behavior

A

Mutually beneficial cooperation
Altruism
Deceit (Selfishness)
Spite

50
Q

List 4 costs to living in groups

A

1) Increased competition for critical resources (food, shelter, safe breeding area)

2) Increased conspicuousness to potential predators and prey

3) Increased likelihood of contracting parasites and diseases

4)Increased risk of misdirecting parental care

51
Q

What are 3 major benefits of “Selfish Herd Effect”

A

1) Reduced likelihood of being prayed upon

2) Cooperative care of young

3) Increased efficiency in foraging

52
Q

Describe Vigilance behavior

A

The group may be more vigilant and detect approaching danger earlier, thus providing extra time to escape

53
Q

Describe Mobbing behavior

A

Group members may provide active defense against predators, with groups of individuals being more effective than single organisms in deterring or driving off the would-be predators

54
Q

What is Map sense

A

Knowledge of the layout of the land

55
Q

Briefly explain the polygyny threshold model as part of female choice in sexual selection theory

A

The polygyny threshold model suggests that in species where males are polygynous, females choose mates based on their territory quality

56
Q

Would it be scientifically accurate to say human sexuality has an h2 value of 1? Why or Why not

A

No, human sexuality is influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, but its not determined by genetics solely

57
Q

In the mating system known as__________ monogamy; pair-bonds are formed between two individuals for a set amount of time; the pair eventually breaks; and a new pair-bond is eventually formed

A

Serial monogamy

58
Q

the four models of male-male competition are___________ defense polygyny, female defense polygyny,_________ and scramble competition polygyny

A

Resource

Lek

59
Q

A mating strategy that does not change through the life course is known as a__________ strategy, while a strategy that may change based on variation in the environment is known as__________ strategy

A

Fixed strategy

Conditional strategy

60
Q

What is meant by the term “frequency-dependent selection”

A

Frequency-dependent selection is a concept where the fitness of a particular trait depends on its relative frequency within a population

61
Q

A behavioral strategy that yields maximum fitness, and cannot be invaded by other strategies is known as a______________ strategy (spell out two words)

A

Evolutionarily stable

62
Q

What is the difference between PURE ESS in a natural system vs. a MIXED ESS in a natural system

A

PURE ESS represents a single uninvadable strategy

MIXED ESS involves multiple strategies co-existing with one another

63
Q

Name 2 adaptations male animals have developed to address the challenges of sperm competition.
Indicate if these adaptations are morphological, behavioral, or physiological

A

Larger testes-Morphological

Mate guarding- Behavioral

64
Q

What is the biological definition of sex

A

Conflict between the sexes is linked to offspring care-differential parental investment by the two sexes lies at the heart of most evolutionary hypotheses about sexual behavior

65
Q

When males and females of a species display different morphological and behavioral traits this is known as sexual__________.

A

Sexual dimorphism

66
Q

According to____________ Principle

Male reproductive success is limited by____________ and
Female reproductive success is limited by___________ and______________

A

Bateman’s Principle
Access to mates
nourishment of egg
Resources needed for egg

67
Q

Define the term Anisogamy

Is anisogamy an example of directional, stabilizing, or disruptive selection

A

fusion of two gametes that differ in size and or form

Disruptive selection

68
Q

The four models of female choice of mates in evolutionary biology are direct benefits, good genes,______________, and _____________

A

Runaway selection
Sensory bias

69
Q

Briefly describe the direct benefits model of female choice for mates

A

Suggests that females choose mates based on immediate advantages

such as access to resources or parental care, that enhance their own survival or the survival of their offspring.

70
Q

What two characteristics of male’s MHC would be most desirable for a female

A

Genetic diversity
Complementarity

71
Q

Briefly explain why females may choose males that display traits that demonstrate that the male is carrying high concentration of testosterone in his body

A

Females may choose males displaying high testosterone traits because these traits can indicate genetic fitness and the potential for providing good resources or protection to the female and her offspring.

72
Q

Briefly explain from an ontogenetic perspective why symmetrical traits are honest indicators of good genes in a male

A

symmetrical traits are honest indicators of good genes in a male because their development is influenced by genetic factors and the ability to maintain symmetry

73
Q

What is the difference between proximate explanations for traits and ultimate explanations for traits

A

Proximate: Focuses on the immediate causes of a trait’s expression

Ultimate: Focuses on long-term advantages of the trait in terms of survival and reproduction

74
Q

Define is the following is mechanistic, ontogenetic, fitness, or origination
A lion with a darker mane attracts more mates than a lion with a lighter mane

A

Fitness

75
Q

Define is the following is mechanistic, ontogenetic, fitness, or origination
The color of a lion’s mane is determined by the level of testosterone in the lion

A

Mechanistic

76
Q

Define is the following is mechanistic, ontogenetic, fitness, or origination
Young female lions learn hunting techniques from adult female lions in the pride

A

Ontogenetic

77
Q

Define is the following is mechanistic, ontogenetic, fitness, or origination
The ancestors of lions also lived in social groups

A

Origination

78
Q

Define is the following is mechanistic, ontogenetic, fitness, or origination
Male lions are chased out of their prides when they reach puberty

A

Mechanistic

79
Q

What is the difference between the adaptationist program and evolutionary pluralism (provide an explanation of evolutionary spandrels when explaining the pluralist program)

A

Adaptationist focuses on explaining traits as adaptations shaped by natural selection

Pluralism suggests that not all traits are necessarily adaptations and that some traits may arise as byproducts rather than as products of direct selection.

Evolution (7 decks)

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