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Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Altruism

A

An altruistic behavior is one that benefits another individual at some cost to the altruist(the actor)

( when its behaviour benefits other organisms, at a cost to itself)

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2
Q

Define calculating “r”

A

The probability that the alleles in one individual are identical copies

(due to common ancestry of alleles in another individual)

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3
Q

True or False
Altruism will evolve if (r x b) - c > 0

A

True

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4
Q

What can we use Hamiltons rule for what

A

We can make quantitative assessments in whether cooperation should evolve to be favored among individuals

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5
Q

What are 2 predictions of Empirical Tests of Kin Selection

A

Prediction 1: Individuals should help relatives more than non-kin

Prediction 2: Individuals should help close relatives more than distant relatives

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6
Q

What is the chart of Components of Kin Recognition (3 parts)

A

Production Component –> Perception Component –> Action Component

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7
Q

Define Production Component (sender)

A

Sending out the development of recognition cue

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8
Q

Define Perception Component (receiver)

A

Development of the kin recognition template to send out to action component

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9
Q

Define Action Component (receiver)

A

Assessing similarity between its recognition template and the recognition cues

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10
Q

Why is Kin selection important?

A

Group dynamics
Mating

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11
Q

Define the “Green Beard” effect

A

Production, perception, and action components all encoded by a single gene the recognition template is not learned

(more likely to help someone that looks similar to you then one that doesnt have similar features)

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12
Q

List 3 things about the “Green Beard” effect

A

1) A perceptible trait, the hypothetical “green beard”

2) Recognition of this trait in others

3) Preferential treatment to those recognized

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13
Q

Define Spatial Location

A

Template learned from cues associated with locations

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14
Q

Define Association - Growing Up Together

A

Only of individuals encountered during the learning of the template will be recognized the most

-Most interaction with familiar kin; this system will evolve if family size is small

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15
Q

Define Acceptance Threshold Model of Kin Recognition

A

-Matching the recognition cue to the recognition template

-Optimal setting of the acceptance threshold should depend upon the benefits of accepting kin and rejecting non-kin

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16
Q

Define Reciprocity

A

-An exchange of fitness increasing benefits between two individuals

-As reciprocal interactions between two individuals continue, both achieve a cumulative fitness gain

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17
Q

What are the two requirements for the evolution of delayed reciprocity

A

1) Repeated interactions between the same individuals

2) Discrimination against non-reciprocators (cheaters)

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18
Q

Give 3 examples in which humans observe altruism with the absence of kinship and reciprocity

A

1) Giving

2) Favors

3) Economic Structures

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19
Q

Define Macroevolution

A

Large scale changes in species lineages though time

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20
Q

What are some things that happen in Macroevolution

A

-Visualizing divergence events and evolutionary relationships: Cladistics/ Phylogeny

-Process of Speciation

-Origin of cellular life and life through geologic time

-Human evolution

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21
Q

Define Taxonomy

A

The study of how organisms are classified, organized, and named

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22
Q

Define Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of a species or group of species

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23
Q

Define Cladogram

A

A visual depiction of phylogeny (sometimes phylogenetic tree);

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24
Q

Define Cladistics

A

The study of phylogeny

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25
List 2 facts about Taxonomy
-Biological Hierarchy of Life -Species ID: Binomial Nomenclature
26
Roots are defined as_________ on cladograms
Common ancestor
27
Nodes are defined as_________ on cladograms
Divergence events
28
Terminal nodes are described as__________, on cladograms
Most modern result of divergence events
29
Branches are described as_________, on cladograms
Connections between nodes and terminal nodes
30
Transitions are defined as________, on cladograms
Evolutionary modifications or traits
31
Sister Taxa can be described as________, on cladograms
Very close common ancestor
32
Define Basal
Ancestral (lineages)
33
Define Derived Characters
Characteristics which can be unique to one species or shared
34
Define Synapomorphies
Derived character shared by two or more lineages
35
Define Autapomorphy
trait unique to a particular species and its descendants
36
How to identify clades
Only synonymous with "monophyletic group"
37
Describe Fundamental Principle
Synapomorphies identify monophyletic groups
38
Define paraphyletic group
Includes the common ancestor and some, but not all of the ancestors descendants
39
Define polyphyletic group
Does not share the most different recent common ancestor of the group
40
Define monophyletic group
Includes the common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor
41
True or False A monophyletic group can be removed from the tree with a single "cut" down the line
True
42
Define Polytomies
On the main line branch, it is the area in which multiple lines stem from one point on the main branch (look for a fan shaped pattern stemming from a single node on the main branch)
43
Define Parsimony
Requires the fewest evolutionary events to have occurred in the form of shared derived characteristics (using the fewest character transitions evolved possible when creating a cladogram tree)
44
Define Reversal
Loss of derived traits in a lineage, resulting in a return to the ancestral condition
45
Define Homoplasy
Similarity in character states due to convergence
46
Define Speciation
Ancestral species gives rise to a pair of daughter species
47
Classical Model- 3 steps
1) Isolation of populations within a species 2) Divergence in traits 3) Reproductive isolation
48
Describe Reproductive Isolation
When gene pools of isolated populations diverge independently
49
Define Allopatric Speciation
A physical barrier stops gene flow between two subpopulations or populations of a species
50
Give 3 examples of Allopatric Speciation
Mountain Ranges Body's of water Urbanization
51
Define Dispersal
Individuals elect/ leave their original area to move to a different area to create an isolated subpopulation
52
Define Vicariance
A physical boundary manifests over time which cause geographical isolation of populations within a species (does not have to a dramatic barrier)
53
Define Sympatric Speciation
A species may form, within the home range of an existing species, in absence of a physical barrier
54
What are the 3 Isolation types where No Mating Occurs
1) Habitat Isolation 2) Temporal Isolation 3) Behavioral Isolation
55
What are the two Isolation types where Mating is Attempted
1) Mechanical Isolation 2) Gametic Isolation
56
What happens in Post-Zygotic Barriers
Development actually starts
57
What are the 3 major types that happen in Post-Zygotic Barriers
1) Reduced Hybrid Viability 2) Hybrid Sterility 3) Hybrid Breakdown
58
List some animals where No Mating Occurs and which type of isolation occurs (3 choices)
Garter Snakes- Habitat Isolation Spotted Skunks- Temporal Isolation Blue-footed boobies- Behavioral Isolation
59
List some animals where Mating is Attempted and which type of isolation occurs (2 choices)
Some Snails- Mechanical Isolation ( genital openings are not aligned; internal fertilization) Red and Purple Urchins- Gametic Isolation (external fertilization)
60
List an animal where Development Actually Starts in Reduced Hybrid Viability
Salamanders- hybrids do not complete development; fertilized egg dies before young emerge
61
List an animal where Development Actually Starts in Hybrid Sterility
Mules- hybrids are born but sterile
62
List an animal where Development Actually Starts in Hybrid Breakdown
Rice- two separate species mating and produce a viable offspring but it might not survive as long and very likely not fertile enough
63
Define Polyploidy
Involves multiplication of whole sets of chromosomes (each set being haploid number N)
64
Describe what happens in Reinforcement of Hybrid Zones and Reproductive Isolation over time
Strengthening reproductive barriers
65
Describe what happens in Fusion of Hybrid Zones and Reproductive Isolation over time
Speciation process is not completed eventually causing two hybridizing species to fuse into a single species (weakening of reproductive barriers)
66
Describe what happens in Stability of Hybrid Zones and Reproductive Isolation over time
Enough hybrids are created to overcome any sink dynamics within the hybrid zone (continued formation of hybrid individuals)
67
What two types of isolation are involved in Reinforcement
Behavioral Isolation Sympatric Isolation
68
Define Phyletic gradualism
Continuous change at a constant evolutionary pace
69
Define Punctuated equilibrium
Short evolutionary Burts with intervening periods of stability
70
Define Evolutionary Stasis
Flat periods along the graph that are considered not moving
71
Define Adaptive Radiation
Rapid spike in the graph
72
What are two central weaknesses of gradualism
1) Too few specimens 2) Stasis needs to be considered data
73
What is the name of the people who argues for Punctuated Equilibrium
Niles Eldridge and Stephan Gould
74
Who founded Gradualism
Charles Darwin
75
Define Adaptive Radiation
Process in which organisms diversity rapidly form an central species into a multitude of new forms
76
True or false Adaptive radiations in the fossil record support the concept of punctuated equilibrium
True
77
What are 3 key questions to Origins of Life on Earth
1) What are the necessary materials for life to commence? 2) What would the environment have to be like? 3) What makes the earth so epochal in the sense that life was able to begin and persist here
78
What happens in the Hadean Eon
-Formation of the planets and solar system -Massive outgassing -Birth of granite rocks
79
Progression of the Hadean Eon (list out chart of 6)
Earth Coalescing --> Water --> Moon --> Core Accretion --> Magnetic Field --> Late Bombardment
80
What is important to know about water in the Hadean Eon
-Its water vapor only in the atmosphere -Not on the surface of the earth
81
What are the 3 hypotheses regarding the formation of earth's moon
1) Co-Formation Theory 2) Capture Theory 3) Giant Impact Hypothesis
82
Describe the Co-Formation Theory
Earth's density is much greater than the moon (density issue)
83
Describe the Capture Theory
As solar debris was passing earth, earth captured the debris, issue is the earth is a sphere and would be a weird shape
84
Describe the Giant Impact Hypothesis
Something as big as mars collided into each, debris spread out around the earth in a ring shape, molten debris eventually formed into moon for our each (Most supported)
85
What are the Moons of Mars
Phobos Deimos
86
The Origin of Earth's Magnetic Field
The spinning of the metallic inner core and convection currents in the metallic outer core create a magnetic field around the earth
87
Why was the creation of the earth's magnetosphere a necessary precursor for the origin of life
Emits gamma rays and solar rays, so strong it would immediately destroy everything but earth's magnetic field bounces it back to protect our planet
88
What happens in the Archean Eon
-Origins of continental land masses -Origin of earth's oceans -Origin of very simple life: such as bacteria
89
Progression of the Archean Eon (list our chart of 7)
First Oceans --> DNA --> Tectonic Activity --> First Continent --> Prokaryote Bacteria --> Banded Iron Formation --> Great Oxygenation Event
90
Earliest Climatic Conditions: Archean
-First atmosphere on earth was a mix of gaseous hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide (Not much free oxygen) -Water evaporated until the crust cooled, after which the early seas formed; water is necessary for the formation of membranes and formation of cells
91
What is the name of the Sweidish chemist that proposed in 1908 that life is ubiquitous in the universe and that the spies or "seeds of life" were delivered to the earth by chance
Svante Arrgenius
92
Considering Accidental Panspermia: Organic Molecules in Meteorites
Central Idea: Simple organic molecules from which life was built may have formed in space than fallen to earth
93
Describe the Oparin-Haldane Model (The early precursors to life originated on the earth's surface(
Stanley miller's experiment: Water, methane, hydrogen, and ammonia + energy source + amino acids and other small organic compounds
94
Where could Stanley Millers experiment on amino acids occur
1) Hydrothermal vents; amino acids will condense into protein structures when heated in water 2) Complex proteins in clay of tidal flats; surface was moist and allowed molecules to "stick"
95
Describe Clay Tidal Flats
Adhering to clay helps a growing polymer avoid being broken apart by hydrolysis; allows for synthesis of polymers, repeated units
96
Define First Protocells
Transitional forms between chemical evolution
97
Define Monomers
The abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and nucleotides; basic building blocks of biomolecules
98
Define Polymers
The joining of these small molecules into macromolecules, including proteins
99
Define Membranes
The packaging of these molecules into :protobionts
100
Define Mitosis/ True Cellular Life
The origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible
101
When were the first true cells found
The Archean Eon
102
What are some of the First True Cells
The development of photosynthesis and stromatolites (fossils of cyanobacteria)- most abundant evidence of early prokaryotic life
103
First living thing is known as what
The Primordial form or IDA (initial darwinian ancestor)
104
What does LUCA stand for
Last universal common ancestor
105
True or False LUCA was thought to be a DNA system
False, it was thought to be an RNA system, defying the central dogma in biology
106
Define RNA World Hypothesis
An RNA-based living system that later evolved into life forms seen today in which DNA stores biological information
107
Bacteria and Archaea originated in what eon
The Archaean Eon
108
Eukarya originated in wat eon
The Proterozoic Eon
109
What happens in the Proterozoic Eon
-Massive continent known as Rodinia -Oxygen continues to accumulate in the earth's atmosphere (bad news for some) The oxygen crisis -Multi-cellular eukaryotic cells becomes possible with the additional production of cellular energy
110
Progression of the Proterozoic Eon (list our chart of 5)
Oxygen Crisis --> First Eukaryotes --> Snowball Earth --> Multicellular Life --> Ozone Stabilization
111
Adaptive Radiation: The Avalon Explosion
-Ediacaran Fauna -First major adpative radiation of animal life

Evolution (7 decks)

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