United Kingdom - Changing Economic World - Paper 2 Flashcards
What is deindustrialisation?
The decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets snd competition from NEE’s.
What is globalisation?
The process which has created a more connected world, with increases in the movements of goods (trade) and people (migration and tourism) worldwide.
What are government policies?
A plan or course of action decided by a government to manage issues in a country.
Define trade:
The buying and selling of goods and services between countries.
What is the Commonwealth?
A voluntary association.
How many sovereign states are in the Commonwealth?
53 independent and equal sovereign states.
How many citizens is the Commonwealth home to?
2.2 billion.
What are member states of the Commonwealth united by?
Language, history, culture and their shared values of democracy, human rights and the rule of law.
How many European countries are in the European Union?
28
What was the EU formed for?
To reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.
What is industrial structure?
The relative proportion of the workforce employe in different sectors of the economy.
What are 4 clear differences in the north south divide?
-Health conditions
-House prices
-Earnings
-Political influence
What is primary industry?
Extracting raw materials from the natural environment (eg mining and farming)
What is secondary industry?
Taking raw materials produced by the primary sector and processing them into manufactured goods and products.
What is tertiary industry?
Involves the selling of services and skills.
What is quaternary industry?
Consisting of industries providing information services such as computing, ICT and Research and Development.
Describe the change in employment in primary industries in the UK:
In 1750, percentage employed was 55%, by 2000 it had decreased significantly to just 3%.
Describe the change in employment in secondary industries in the UK:
The % of people employed in secondary industries peaked in 1900 at 61%. This declined dramatically by 2000 when just 24% of people were employed in this sector.
Describe the change in employment in tertiary industries in the UK:
They remained low between 1750 and 1900 ranging between 16% and 24%. From 1900 onwards, people employed in this sector dramatically increased from 24% in 1900 to 68% in 2000.
Describe the change in employment in quaternary industries in the UK:
It had only began to increase. It was non-existent in the years before 1950, and from then until now it has increased by 10% but rapidly.
Give one advantage of triangular graphs:
They are useful for showing patterns.
Give one disadvantage of triangular graphs:
They only work with a very limited range of data.
What are the 6 main causes of deindustrialisation?
-Increasing cost of production (wages and environmental regulations
-Globalisation - competition from low wage/ regulation NEE countries
-Declining investment leading to less competitiveness
-Changing government policies (nationalisation to privatisation)
-Cycle of decline
-Increasing competitiveness of tertiary industries thanks to education and technology
How many coal mines in the UK has deindustrialisation led to the loss of?
30,000
Give an example of how globalisation has caused deindustrialisation:
Tata steel in Port Talbort (Wales) has decreased from 18,000 to 3,300 jobs due to cheap Chinese steel imports.
What 4 industries were north-east England best known for before deindustrialisation?
-Coal mining
-Ship building
-Iron and steel
-Chemicals
Which parts of the UK have been most affected by deindustrialisation?
-South Wales
-North East England
-Cornwall
Name a town in north-east England affected by deindustrialisation:
Easington Colliery.
What happened in Easington Colliery?
The town grew around its coal mine, and when the mine closed in 1993, over 1,000 men were left unemployed. Over 20 years later, the town has not recovered. Unemployment is still high and people are on low incomes, so businesses in the town struggle to survive
What is a post-industrial economy?
Where manufacturing industry has been replaced by the service industry or tertiary jobs.
What does the quaternary sector contain?
Information technology, biotechnology and new creative industries.
How much of the UK workforce is estimated to work in the quaternary sector?
10-15%
What are the 3 cities with the highest potential growth score?
-Cambridge
-Reading
-Manchester
What has globalisation resulted from?
Improvements in communications and technology, together with the development of trading groups such as the European Union.
What were government policies like between the years 1945 and 1979?
The government created state-run industries to support the UK’s declining heavy industries and protect jobs.
Give an example of a state run industry in the years 1945-1979:
British Steel Corporation.
What were government policies like between the years 1979-2010?
State-run industries were privatised, many heavy industries were closed down and jobs were lost. Government and private sector investment resulted in a transformation of many former industrial areas into financial centres, offices and retail parks as the service sector started to grow rapidly.
Give an example of an industrial areas transformed and a financial centre formed:
London Docklands (industrial area) and Canary Wharf (financial centre).
What were government policies like from 2010 onwards?
The government has sought to rebalance the economy by encouraging investment in the high-tech manufacturing sector. It has invested in transport infrastructure and the development of high-speed rail connections. Loans and other financial incentives are available to encourage small businesses to set up in the UK.
Give an example of the government encouraging investment in the high-tech manufacturing sector:
Aerospace and computer engineering.
Give an example of transport infrastructure and development of high-speed rail connections invested in by the government:
Transport infrastructure: London’s Crossrail. High-speed rail connections: HS2 with the ‘Northern Powerhouse’
What were government policies like in 2016?
The UK voted in a referendum to leave the European Union. A free trade agreement has been reached with the European Union but the impacts on the UK economy of leaving the EU are yet unknown.
When did the UK formally leave the European Union?
31 January 2020
Give 5 ways how information technology has affected people’s lives and economic development:
-Mobile devices such as smartphones enable informations to be accessed almost anywhere
-The UK is recognised as one of the top IT countries in the world, attracting business and investment from overseas companies
-The internet and use of computers enables people to work form home and to be self-employed
-Computers can store and process vast amounts of information very quickly
-Developments in technology have stimulated the growth of specialist manufacturing industries as well as service and research
How many people in the UK work in the IT sector?
Over 1.3 million.
What are service industries?
They provide support rather than manufacturing products.
What is the largest sector in the UK?
The service industry.
What is one of the major growth areas in the service industry?
Finance, including banking, insurance and fund management.
The financial sector employs how many people?
Over 2 million.
How much does the financial sector contribute to the UK’s GDP (%)?
About 10%.
Which country is recognised as the world’s leading centre for financial management?
The UK.
What is research and development part of?
The UK’s rapidly growing quaternary sector.
How many people does research and development employ?
Over 60,000 highly educated people.
How much does research and development contribute to the economy?
£3 billion.
Which UK universities is much research linked to in what sectors?
Oxford, Cambridge and Manchester and involves the biomedical, computer, environmental and aerospace sectors.
Who is research conducted by?
Both government bodies and private organisations.
Give 2 government bodies involved in research:
-The National Health Service
-The Environment Agency
Give an example of a private organisation involved in research:
Pharmaceutical companies.
What is likely to be the UK’s fastest growing industrial sector in the future?
Research and development.
What else has been in important recent trend in the UK’s post-industrial economy?
Science parks.
Give 3 examples of science parks in the UK:
-Southampton
-Oxford
-Cambridge
How many science parks are there in the UK
Over 100.
The UK’s science parks employ how many people?
About 75,000 people.
Where is Cambridge Science Park located?
3km from Cambridge city centre.
Name 2 transport routes by Cambridge Science Park and where these give access to?
The A14 (to the midlands) and the M11 (to London).
Who do many businesses employ regarding Cambridge Science Park?
They employ graduates from the University of Cambridge.
What do staff benefit from at Cambridge Science Park?
An attractive working environment.
What are the majority of companies at Cambridge Science Park involved with?
Biomedical research, technical consulting or computer-telecommunications.
How many bio-technology companies are at the Cambridge Science Park?
1,500
How many employees are at the Cambridge Science Park?
7,250
Which airport is near to Cambridge Science Park?
The Science Park is 40km from Stanstead Airport.
Name a health facility available to local people near Cambridge Science Park:
Adenbrooke Hospital.
What does Cambridge Science Park bring investment for in the local area?
The local public transport sector.
Cambridge has a reputation as world leader in what research and what does this do?
Medical research - brings investment.
What indirect jobs does Cambridge Science Park create?
Transport and services on the site eg security, cafe workers etc.
What centre is being invested next to the Cambridge Science Park?
A new Biomedical centre (£46 million investment) - opening up of heart and lung specialist hospital and research centre.
Cambridge Science Park is home to how many biomedical companies?
What do they work on?
34, working on a wide range of products and technologies spanning disease prediction and prevention to diagnostics, treatment and patient monitoring.
Cambridge Science Park is home to how many companies involved in therapeutics?
What do they work on?
12, they include small molecule drug discovery, biologics, immunotherapies and genetics across multiple disease area.
Give 3 disadvantages for Cambridge due to Cambridge Science Park:
-House prices are rising due to rising demand in the area
-Cambridge is increasingly congested with traffic/pedestrians
-Rail and road links can’t cope with the demand fast enough
What can companies share which have made them cluster together?
They can share expertise of workers and expensive equipment.
What are growth corridors?
They are defined as an area of the country where the economy is growing, often along a major transport route linking 2 or more cities.
What is aglomeration?
The proximity of similar companies to swap ideas and workers.
What is the importance of the M4 corridor?
From London to Bristol, has become home to hi-tech industry.Many well known companies like Microsoft and Sony are based there, usually in business parks. It is estimated that the M4 corridor produced 8% of the UK’s economic output, as much as Manchester and Birmingham combined.
What are business parks?
They usually involve a group of small businesses on a single plot of land.
Where are business parks usually located?
On the edge of towns and cities where land is relatively cheap and there are good road communications.
What can business parks involve?
Retailing and small-scale manufacturing as well as research and development.
What do business parks often benefit from?
Close association with each other.
Give 5 impacts of industry on the physical environment:
-Industrial processes often release chemicals into the air (sulphur and nitrous oxides) which can cause health issues
-Factories, mines and quarries often physically scar the landscape reducing its aesthetic appeal and destroying habitats
-Transporting raw materials and goods produces air pollution and noise pollution
-Industrial processes often release chemicals into local water systems which can harm ecosystems
-Waste often goes to landfill which releases toxins into the soil
What was car manufacturing like in the past?
Not environmentally sustainable, engines were inefficient, producing high quantities of harmful pollutants as they burned petrol or diesel. The materials used to make cars were often toxic and difficult to recycle , and the production process was energy intensive.
Give an example of a modern industry that is environmentally sustainable in the UK:
Nissan car plant, Sunderland.
How many people does Nissan employ in its car plant in Sunderland?
7,000.
How many cars does Nissan car plant in Sunderland produce each year?
Over 500,000.
The Nissan car plant obtains how much energy from what energy source?
It obtains 7% of its energy source from wind turbines.
What are new car models designed to be like in Nissan’s car plant?
Much more fuel efficient and have tighter restrictions on exhaust gas emissions.
Name 1 electric Nissan car:
The Nissan ‘Leaf’.
Other Nissan cars are ‘hybrids’ what does this mean?
They use a mixture of petrol and electricity.
What are the materials like that are designed for cars at the Nissan car plant?
They can be readily recycled, reducing waste going to landfill sites.
UK car industries manufacture how many cars per year?
Over 1.5 million.
Name an area of population growth?
South Cambridgeshire.
Name an area of population decline?
Outer Hebrides.
What is the current population of South Cambridgeshire and its expected population by 2026?
About 154,000 which is expected to rise to 182,000 by 2026.
Give 3 social changes to South Cambridgeshire due to population growth:
-Rising house prices (due to rising demand) and modern developments can cause tensions with local people
-If there’s a high proportion of commuter the village can become very dead during the day and lose it’s sense of community
-Car-owning commuters do not need public transport and services may be reduced, affecting locals. This can also increase traffic on narrow country roads
Give 4 economic changes to South Cambridgeshire due to population growth:
-Lack of affordable housing for local people
-Some shops may be forced to close if commuters do not use local village shops. Others may thrive in the evenings and weekends
-Sale of agricultural land can reduce farm employment, which may lead to some local unemployment
-Fuel prices and shop prices tend to be higher than elsewhere in the area due to high demand
What is the population decline like in the Outer Hebrides?
The islands have experienced a 50% decline in population since 1901.
What has caused the population decline in the Outer Hebrides?
As mainly young people have moved to the mainland in search of better-paid jobs.
What is the current population of the Outer Hebrides?
27,000.
Give 4 social changes to the Outer Hebrides due to population decline:
-An increasingly ageing population from the out-migration of young people
-An ageing population requires increasing amounts of care, which will have social and economic impacts
-Fewer people of working age in the area could result in further decline in fishing and farming
-Fewer children could result in school closure
Give 4 economic changes to the Outer Hebrides due to population decline:
-Maintaining ferries are other services are costly - some post offices have had to close
-Traditional fishing for prawns and lobsters has declined with just a few boats left
-Shellfish production has increased, mostly involving foreign boats
-Tourism has become an important economic activity but the infrastructure is struggling to cope with number of visitors
Describe the change in number of fishing boats in the Outer Hebrides:
In 1948 there were more than 900 fishing boats registered in the Outer Hebrides, by 2013 there were just a few boats catching prawns and lobsters.
Describe the % change of tourism in the Outer Hebrides:
Between 2007 and 2014 there was a 27% increase in visitors to the island.
What percentage of South Cambridgeshire own cars?
80%
What did the government do in 2014 regarding road improvements?
It announced a £15 billion road investment scheme.
Give 3 features of the government’s road investment scheme:
-Develop smart motorways to keep traffic moving
-Over 1,600km of new lanes will be added to busy motorways
-In 2020, Highways England published plans to spend £27.4 billion on major new road devleopments, including a tunnel under Stonehenge
