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Geography > Climate Change - Paper 1 > Flashcards

Climate Change - Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 3 natural factors of climate change?

A

-Orbital changes
-Solar output
-Volcanic activity

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2
Q

What are 3 human factors of climate change?

A

-Fossil fuels
-Agriculture
-Deforestation

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3
Q

What is the thick layer of greenhouse gases around our atmosphere composed of?

A

-77% carbon dioxide
-14% methane
-8% nitrous oxide
-1% CFCs

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4
Q

Burning fossil fuels accounts for what % of greenhouse gases?

A

50%

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5
Q

Agriculture accounts for what % of greenhouse gases?

A

20%

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6
Q

How does volcanic activity contribute to climate change?

A

Volcanic aerosols reflect sunlight away, reducing global temperatures temporarily.

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7
Q

How do sunspots change?

A

They increase from a minimum to a maximum every 11 years.

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8
Q

How have sunspots changed recently?

A

Solar output has barely changed in the past 50 years.

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9
Q

What has the average surface air temperature increased by over the last 100 years?

A

1C

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10
Q

We now have the warmest ocean temperatures since what year?

A

1850.

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11
Q

Name 3 natural recorders of climate change:

A

-Tree rings
-Ice cores
-Ocean sediments

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12
Q

How do ice cores show climate change?

A

They help estimate past temperatures by comparing oxygen, carbon dioxide and methane.

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13
Q

How does ocean sediment show climate change?

A

They show organisms in ocean sediment with present levels.

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14
Q

What is the quaternary period?

A

A period of time stretching from 2.6 million years ago to today.

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15
Q

How long do glacial periods last?

A

About 100,000 years.

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16
Q

How long do interglacial periods last?

A

About 10,000 years.

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17
Q

The Quaternary period has how many cycles of glacial and interglacial periods?

A

Over 20.

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18
Q

How long has the current interglacial period lasted?

A

15,000 years.

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19
Q

Give 7 social effects of climate change:

A

-Increased risk of diseases such as skin cancer and heat stroke as temperatures increase
-Winter-related deaths decrease with milder winters
-Crop yields affected
-Less ice in Arctic Ocean increases shipping and extraction of gas and oil
-Drought reduces food and water supplies in sub-Saharan Africa
-Flood risk increases repair and insurance costs
-Skiing industry may decline in Alps as less snow

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20
Q

Explain how climate change affects crop yields with maize:

A

Maize will decrease by up to 12% in South America, yet will increase in northern Europe and require more irrigation.

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21
Q

What % of Asia is at increased risk of flooding and what will this cause?

A

70%, causing migration and overcrowding in low-risk areas.

22
Q

Give 8 environmental effects of climate change:

A

-Increased drought
-Lower rainfall causes food shortages for orang-utans in Borneo and Indonesia
-Sea-level rise increases flooding and coastal erosion
-Ice melts, so wildlife declines
-Warmer rivers affect marine life
-Increase in forest growth in northern Europe
-Forests may experience more pests, disease and forest fires
-Coral bleaching

23
Q

What region has increased drought?

A

Mediterranean.

24
Q

What has increased flooding and coastal erosion put strain on?

A

Defences.

25
Q

Name 3 examples of declining wildlife due to climate change?

A

-Adelie penguins on the Antarctic Peninsula
-Polar bears and seals in the Arctic

26
Q

Which forests will undergo change?

A

Forests in North America

27
Q

How will warmer rivers affect marine life?

A

The food supply will decreases for the Ganges river dolphin.

28
Q

Where will experience coral bleaching?

A

The Great Barrier Reef -along with a decline in biodiversity.

29
Q

What is mitigation:

A

Strategies that deal with the causes of climate change. They try to reduce or prevent greenhouse gases and protect carbon sinks.

30
Q

What are 4 mitigation strategies for climate change:

A

-Alternative energy production
-Carbon capture
-Planting trees
-International agreements

31
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Strategies that respond to the impacts of climate change.

32
Q

Name 6 alternative energy productions:

A

-Wind
-Solar
-Geothermal
-Wave
-Tidal
-Biomass

33
Q

Name 2 limitations of alternative energy production:

A

-Expensive
-Cannot always be relied upon

34
Q

What is carbon capture?

A

It takes carbon dioxide from emission sources and safely stores it underground.

35
Q

What prevents carbon dioxide from escaping in carbon capture?

A

An impermeable ‘cap rock’.

36
Q

How much of the world’s total carbon mitigation could carbon capturing provide until when?

A

It could provide 10-50% of the world’s total carbon mitigation until 2100.

37
Q

What are 3 limitations of carbon capture?

A

-Expensive
-Unclear if CO2 would remain captured long-term
-Doesn’t promote renewable energy

38
Q

Planting trees could increase forest carbon storage by how much?

A

28%

39
Q

What are 2 limitations of planting trees?

A

-Land may be limited
-Biodiversity is reduced if only 1 tree species is planted

40
Q

What do international agreements encourage?

A

Countries to take responsibility for reducing CO2 emissions.

41
Q

How are targets more likely to be met and give an example:

A

Targets are more likely to be met if legally binding (Paris 2015 agreement).

42
Q

Give 3 limitations of international agreements:

A

-Some countries are considered more responsible
-It is hard to agree targets that go far enough
-They may not be achieved

43
Q

What are 3 adaptations to climate change?

A

-Changes in agricultural systems
-Managing water supplies
-Reducing risk

44
Q

What are changes in agricultural systems required to deal with?

A

The changing rainfall and temperature patterns, weather becoming more extreme and the changing distribution of pests and disease.

45
Q

What are 3 possible changes in agriculture that need to be made?

A

-Production may need to move location to suit climates
-Irrigation
-Changes to crops and varieties

46
Q

Who are changes in agriculture most accessible to?

A

Farmers in HICs who are least likely to be affected.

47
Q

What does managing water supply ensure?

A

It ensures populations can face the challenge of changing rainfall patterns.

48
Q

What 2 things does managing water supply involve in London?

A

-Reducing demands (such as installing water-efficient devices)
-Increasing supply (such as opening a desalination plant)

49
Q

Where might areas of water security be threatened?

A

In areas of deficit, especially where there is less political stability.

50
Q

What are 3 ways to reduce the risk from rising sea levels?

A

-Constructing defences
-Raising properties on stilts
-Relocating people at risk

Geography (59 decks)

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