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Psychology > Unite 3 Psych Test > Flashcards

Unite 3 Psych Test Flashcards

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1
Q

he proposed there are two forms of explicit memory: semantic and episodic

A

Endel Tulving (1972)

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2
Q

general facts about the world

A

semantic memory

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3
Q

the record of memorable experiences, or “episodes” in your life, including when and where they occurred

A

episodic memory

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4
Q

a detailed account of circumstances surrounding an emotionally significant or shocking, sometimes historic event

A

flashbulb memory

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5
Q

type of memory that is difficult to bring to awareness and express (something you know or know how to do but is automatic/conscious)

A

implicit memory

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6
Q

memory of how to carry out an activity without conscious control or attention

A

procedural memory

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7
Q

devices or techniques for improving memory (example is the method of loci)

A

mnemonics

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8
Q

involves placing items to be remembered along a mental journey; pick a familiar route and mentally place things you need to remember at points along the way

A

method of loci

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9
Q

system of meaningful categories and subcategories

A

hierarchy

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10
Q

not only intentional but also requires “cognitive effort” which broadly refers to the “degree of engagement with demanding tasks”

A

effortful processing

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11
Q

method of connecting incoming information to knowledge in long-term memory

A

elaborative rehearsal

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12
Q

learning sessions generally occur within the same day

A

massed practice

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13
Q

spreading sessions over the course of many days

A

distributed practice

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14
Q

a stimulus that helps you retrieve stores information that is difficult to access

A

retrieval cue

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15
Q

the process of retrieving information held in long-term memory without the help of retrieval cues

A

recall

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16
Q

the process of matching incoming data to the information stored in long-term memory

A

recognition

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17
Q

is recognition or recall easier

A

recognition

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18
Q

the ability to recall items from a list depends on where they fall in the list

A

serial position effect

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19
Q

(a factor of serial position effect) when you are able to remember items at the beginning of the list

A

primacy effect

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20
Q

(factor of serial positioning effect) when you are able to remember items at the beginning of the list

A

recency effect

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21
Q

states that memories are more easily recalled when the context and cues at the time of encoding are similar to those at the time of retrieval

A

encoding specificity principle

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22
Q

the process of learning something again after a while and it coming easier the second time around

A

relearning

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23
Q
  • spent his time memorizing lists of “nonsense syllables”, once he successfully remembered the list (could recite it smoothly and confidently) he put it aside; later he memorized it all over again and calculated how much time he saved in round 2 “savings score”
  • in the first 20 minutes he forgot 40% of the syllables and in the first hour he forgot 60% of the syllables (the more time passed the more he forgot, supports decay theory)
A

Herman Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)

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24
Q

the active system that sense, organizes, alters, stores, and retrieves information

A

memory

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25
Q

the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently

capacity: seemingly unlimited
duration: relatively permanent

A

long-term memory

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26
Q

encoding, storage, retrieval

A

the three key processes of memory

27
Q

first key process of memory, forms a memory code

A

encoding

28
Q

second key process of memory, “holds on” to encoded information

A

storage

29
Q

third key process of memory, pulls information from storage

A

retrieval

30
Q

loss of memory of events that occurred *after the event of injury or illness

A

anterograde amnesia

31
Q

loss of memory of events that occurred “before” the event of injury or illness

A

retrograde amnesia

32
Q

the most important brain structure involved in long-term memory function

A

the hippocampus

33
Q

the theoretical process of information getting into long-term memory, and it doesn’t occur immediately and takes time to occur (most of this happens during our sleep, especially REM)

A

consolidation

34
Q

this theory states that we use different levels of processing and there are three different levels: shallow, deep and the other one

A

levels of processing theory

35
Q

not being focused and/or not paying attention; also can be using an ineffective strategy; resulting in ineffective coding

A

shallow level of processing

36
Q

paying close attention and using an effective strategy; results in effective coding

A

deep level of processing

37
Q

this theory states that two codes increase the probability of recall; people can recall higher imagery words better rather than low imagery words

A

dual-coding theory

38
Q

stage of memory that captures near exact copies of a piece of stimuli even when your attention is focused elsewhere

A

sensory memory

39
Q
  • the average capacity of this type of memory is average 7 (5-9) pieces of information
  • limited in capacity and duration; the average duration is 12 seconds
A

short-term memory

40
Q

automatic encoding due to unexpected, highly emotional event

A

flashbulb memory

41
Q

type of memory in which you recall a certain memory differently than it actually occurred

A

reconstructive memory

42
Q

type of memory in which you recall a certain memory differently than it actually occurred

A

reconstructive memory

43
Q

false forgetting

A

pseudo-forgetting

44
Q

the theory that says forgetting is the function of time, the more time that goes by the more you forget

A

decay theory

45
Q

theory that states, forgetting is about retrieval failure due to competition with other material (you encoded fine, but there is a problem with retrieval)

A

Interference theory

46
Q

retroactive (older) and proactive (newer)

A

2 kinds of interference

47
Q

when you cannot remember older information

A

retroactive interference

48
Q

when you cannot remember the newer information

A

proactive interference

49
Q

the theory that says, the more similar two pieces of information are, the more likely interference will occur (think efferent afferent; parasympathetic sympathetic)

A

the similarity theory

50
Q

working memory

A

another name for short term memory

51
Q

continuing to rehearse after the apparent point of mastery

A

overlearning

52
Q

true or false: shallow processing equals effective encoding

A

false

53
Q

made by Freud, you push something out of consciousness

A

repression

54
Q

cues in the environment that stimulates memory retrieval

A

context effects

55
Q

when information is not encoded, therefore you cannot “forget” info that was never encoded

A

encoding failure

56
Q

a long session of studying or learning

A

massed practice

57
Q

short sessions of studying mixed with intervals of rest

A

distributed practice

58
Q

not recalling information that may be scary or embarrassing

A

motivated forgetting

59
Q

general facts about the world

A

semantic memory

60
Q

memories you are aware of

A

explicit memory

61
Q

personal and memorable experiences including when and where they occurred

A

episodic memory

62
Q

memories outside of awareness

A

implicit memory

63
Q

memory of how to perform actions, basically automatic

A

procedural memory

Psychology (6 decks)

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