Unit 4 Psych Test

Question 1

what are the 3 measures of central tendency?

Answer 1

mean, median, and mode

Question 2

something that occurs in the environment that makes you naturally respond

Answer 2

UCS (unconditioned stimulus)

Question 3

the response you have that isn’t learned

Answer 3

UCR (unconditioned response)

Question 4

new thing in the environment that causes a response

Answer 4

CS (conditioned stimulus)

Question 5

the response you have to a stimulus

Answer 5

CR (conditioned response)

Question 6

when you present the CS without the UCS present, which causes the CR to eventually go away

Answer 6

extinction

Question 7

when reinforcement for behavior is removed, what happens to the behavior?

Answer 7

resistance to extinction

Question 8

when the behavior first increases once reinforcement is removed

Answer 8

resistance to extinction

Question 9

T or F : pavlov’s research on classical conditioning was important because it highlighted the role of cognitive processes in learning.

Answer 9

false, classical conditioning focuses on involuntary behavior like sweating

Question 10

T or F : pavlov’s research on classical conditioning was important because it demonstrated an essential difference between human and animal learning

Answer 10

false, it showed the opposite

Question 11

who is associated with operant conditioning?

Answer 11

skinner

Question 12

who is associated with classical conditioning?

Answer 12

pavlov

Question 13

who is associated with observational learning?

Answer 13

bandura

Question 14

you are a parent with a son and a daughter, you always thank your son when he cleans his dinner table, you only sometimes thank your daughter, which child is more resistant to extinction?

Answer 14

the daughter is more resistant to extinction because you are intermittently reinforcing her

Question 15

michael enjoys drinking tequila, one day at a party wakes up with a terrible hangover so he stops drinking tequila, what does this show?

Answer 15

this shows punishment because this experienced decreased his behavior of drinking tequila so he no longer gets hangovers

Question 16

kathy tries putting a bill in her vending machine, sometimes it takes it first time sometimes it takes 8 times, what is this?

Answer 16

variable ratio

Question 17

he liked the rose perfume his mother wore everyday when he was a child, now as an adult he likes any floral scent, what is this an example of?

Answer 17

stimulus generalization

Question 18

what type of learning is it when responses are controlled by their consequences?

Answer 18

operant conditioning (or observational)

Question 19

addition of something pleasurable

Answer 19

positive reinforcement

Question 20

removal, escape, or avoidance of unpleasant stimulus (increase a behavior in order to avoid unpleasant stimulus)

Answer 20

negative reinforcement

Question 21

what is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment

Answer 21

punishment has no escape patch

Question 22

• it tends to reduce additional behaviors
• it is related to fear and anger in the one being punished
• it is related to increased aggression in the one being punished

Answer 22

3 side effects of punishment

Question 23

classical conditioning occurred when the conditioned stimulus has to come before unconditioned stimulus

Answer 23

stimulus conginuity

Question 24

reappearance of a seemingly extinguished conditioned response (example is when combat veterans are seemingly fine with loud noises but on the 4th of july they could be hiding in fear)

Answer 24

spontaneous recovery

Question 25

showing the same conditioned response to a similar stimulus (when you are in public and you hear someone with the same ringtone so you pick up your phone)

Answer 25

stimulus generalization

Question 26

not showing the same conditioned response to another stimulus (when you are in public and someone’s ringtone goes off but it is different than yours so you don’t look)

Answer 26

stimulus discrimination

Question 27

learning by watching others (learning new behavior by watching a model [person or animal being observed] behave

Answer 27

observational learning

Question 28

voluntary actions become associated with their consequences

Answer 28

operant conditioning

Question 29

any consequence that makes a response more likely to happen again

Answer 29

reinforcement

Question 30

any consequence that makes a response less likely to happen again

Answer 30

punishment

Question 31

when an organism shows a new behavior

Answer 31

acquisition

Question 32

reinforcing successive approximations

Answer 32

shaping

Question 33

reinforcing a behavior each time the behavior is shows

Answer 33

continuous reinforcement

Question 34

reinforcing a behavior occasionally - not reinforcing the behavior each time

Answer 34

intermittent reinforcement

Question 35

do a behavior the same number of times and you will receive the same amount of reinforcement

Answer 35

fixed-ratio schedule

Question 36

you don’t know how many times you have to do a behavior in order to receive the reinforcement

Answer 36

variable-ratio schedule

Question 37

reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced

Answer 37

fixed-interval schedule

Question 38

you don’t know how long you have to do something until you get a reinforcement

Answer 38

variable-interval schedule

Question 39

what is the most effective schedule of reinforcement to g et someone to do a behavior everytime?

Answer 39

variable-ratio schedule