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Psychology > Unit 1 Psych Test > Flashcards

Unit 1 Psych Test Flashcards

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1
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~First black woman to be awarded a PhD from Columbia University
~Examined impact of prejudice and discrimination on child development.
~Found a job analyzing research data as executive director of the Northside Center for Child Development.

A

Mamie Phipps Clark

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2
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If a test measures what it intends to measure

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Validity

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3
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participants and the researchers working directly with those participants are unaware of who is getting the real treatment and who is getting the pretend treatment.

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Double-Blind Study

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4
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~Other people as well as the broader cultural context, influence behavior and mental processes.
~Lev Vygotsky proposed we should examine how these forces impact the cognitive development of children, asserting that parents, teachers, and peers play critical roles in how children gain knowledge and skill.

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Sociocultural Perspective

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5
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The researchers randomly assign participants to two or more groups that they try to make equivalent with respect to all variables, with one key exception: the treatment or manipulation being studied.

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How does the experimental method allow us to control variables?

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6
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wording of survey questions can lead to biases in responses, participants are not always forthright in their responses, obtaining a representative sample.

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Limitations of survey method

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7
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~”Humans are the way they are for functional reasons”
~Humans have evolved characteristics that help them adapt to the environment, increasing their chances of surviving and reproducing.
~David Buss is a founder
~Used to explain intelligence, infidelity in relationships, variety of personality traits, and risk taking.

A

Evolutionary Perspective

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8
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~Uses knowledge of underlying physiology to explain behavior and mental processes.
~Tells us everything about humans can be understood in terms of electrical and chemical changes in the nervous system
~Explore factors such as genes and brain activity and how that influences behavior and cognition.

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Biological Perspective

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9
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sublimation (redirecting unacceptable to acceptable), identification (modeling feelings and actions of someone you admire), displacement (shifting negative impulses to acceptable target), repression (anxiety info pushed to unconscious), rationalization (creating acceptable excuse for uncomfy situation), projection (pushing your own anxiety thoughts and impulses on someone else), denial (refusing to acknowledge a distressing reality)

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Least adaptive to most adaptive ego defense mechanisms

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10
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~People have free will and can choose to grow or not
~”Humans are naturally inclined to grow in a positive direction”
~Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow believe that the need for acceptance can be more influential than the need for self-actualization(the complete realization of one’s potential, and the full development of one’s abilities and appreciation for life).
~known as the “third Force”

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Humanistic Perspective

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11
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~Behavior is learned through associations, reinforcers, and observation
~Important people are Pavlov (dogs responded to stimuli or events in the environment which became known as classical conditioning), John B. Watson (established behaviorism; “psychology is not study of consciousness but is the study of behavior”), B.F Skinner (Focused on operant conditioning which is learning that occurs when rewarded of punished)
~nurture side
~Does not believe in free will

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Behavioral Perspective

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12
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Psychoanalytic, Behavioral, Humanistic, Cognitive, Evolutionary, Biological, Sociocultural, Biopsychological

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What are the Perspectives of Psychology?

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13
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Group that does not get treatment

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Control group

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14
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~Offered the first psychology classes in the U.S at Harvard.
~Was inspired by Charles Darwin and created the school of functionalism.

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William James

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15
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environmental factors that shape behaviors, personality, and other characteristics

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nurture

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16
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~developed structuralism
~demonstrated that psychological studies through observation and measurement

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Edward Titchner

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17
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as one variable goes up, the other goes down.

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Negative Correlation

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18
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characteristics of the environment or participants that could potentially affect the outcome of the research.

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Extraneous Variables

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19
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As one variable increases, so does the other.

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Positive Correlation

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20
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~Most primitive structure of the mind
~Responsible for biological drives motivating behavior; fuels the impulsive, illogical, and infant-like aspects of our thoughts and personality
~Follows the pleasure principle (instant gratification)

A

The id

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21
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A type of descriptive research that studies participants in their natural environment through systematic observation

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Naturalistic Observation

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22
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Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious

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Freud’s 3 levels of consciousness

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23
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focuses on changing behavior and outcomes, often conducted in natural settings outside of a laboratory.

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Applied research

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24
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~Mental processes that direct behavior, focusing on thinking, memory, and language.
~George Miller researched memory
~Memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, language, problem solving are all examples of mental processes

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Cognitive Perspective

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25
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often in uni laboratories, focuses on collecting data to support or refute theories, goal is not to find solutions but to gather knowledge for the sake of knowledge.

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Basic research

26
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~Examine biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences to explain behaviors and mental processes

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Biopsychological Perspective

27
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~begins to develop from the id
~manipulates situations, creates plans, and solves problems to satisfy id needs
~follows reality principle (adhering to real world rules and delaying gratification as needed
~Acts as mediator and happens at conscious level

A

The ego

28
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~Became the first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1905.

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Mary Whiton Calkins

29
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the inherited factors that shape behaviors, personality, and other characteristics.

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Nature

30
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Researchers’ expectations influence the outcome of a study

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Experimenter Bias

31
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type of descriptive research that closely examines an individual or small group.

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Case Study

32
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~known as the “father of psychology”
~established psychology as a true science
~wanted to measure psychological processes through introspection

A

William Wundt

33
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The variable that is being measured

A

Dependent Variable

34
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~First African American to earn a PhD
~Became a founder of Howard University’s psychology department
~Research included racial bias

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Francis Sumner

35
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~An early school of psychology that focused on the function of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and how they help us adapt to the environment.

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What is functionalism?

36
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~Develops last, guiding behavior to follow the rules of society, parents, and other authority figures
~Some activities are conscious but a great majority occur at preconscious and uncoscious levels.

A

the superego

37
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When people are given a fake pill or other inactive “treatment”

A

Placebo

38
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~used introspection to determine the structure and most basic elements of the mind
~Conscious experience could be broken down into basic experiences and structures

A

What is structuralism?

39
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The variable that is manipulated

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Independent Variable

40
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The study of the mind and human behavior

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What is psychology?

41
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examines relationships among variables and assists researchers in making predictions. (association of a relationship between two or more variables)

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Correlational Method

42
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There is one number that indicates both the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship. The farther a coefficient is to zero the stronger the relationship

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Correlation Coefficient

43
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you can gather data from numerous people in a short period of time and they are also cheap.

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Benefits of the survey method

44
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the consistency or stability of a measure. A reliable test is one that yields consistent results across time.

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Reliability

45
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describe, explain, predict, and change.

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Four main goals of applied research

46
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can tell us about cause and effect, as it aims to ensure that every variable except those being manipulated by the researcher is held constant or controlled.

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Experimental Method

47
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Everything you are aware of at this moment; thoughts, emotions, sensations, perceptions

A

Conscious level of the mind

48
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Activities outside of your awareness; unconscious feelings, memories, thoughts, wishes, urges that may be very difficult to bring to awareness without concerted effort or therapy.

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Unconscious level of the mind

49
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relies on questionnaires or interviews.

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Survey Method

50
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When people know they are being observed, their behavior changes

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Hawthorne Effect

51
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Group that receives treatment

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Experimental group

52
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unaccounted-for characteristic of the participants or their environment

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Third Variable

53
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examination of ones own conscious activities (method that structuralists used)

A

Introspection

54
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Naturalistic Observation, Survey Method, and Case Study.

A

What are the 3 Descriptive Methods?

55
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errors introduced as a result of an observer’s value system, expectations, attitudes, or personal characteristics.

A

Observer Bias

56
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ensure that participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the groups. (”I don’t decide what subjects are in control and experimental group”)

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Random Assignment

57
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Mental activities outside of your current awareness that can easily drift into the conscious realm

A

Preconscious level of the mind

58
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~Introduced by Sigmund Freud
~Behavior and personality are influenced by conflicts of ones inner desires (often sexual and aggressive in nature)
~Talks about the Ego, Superego, and the ID.

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Psychoanalytic Theory

59
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type of extraneous variable that changes in sync with the independent variable, making it very difficult to discern which variable—the independent variable or the confounding variable—is causing changes in the dependent variable.

A

Confounding Variable

60
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~Received her PhD 13 years after Sumner because of the barriers of education for women.

A

Inez Beverly Prosser

61
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disturb them

A

What researchers must NOT do to participants in their environment during a naturalistic observation

Psychology (6 decks)

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