Unit 1 Psych Test Flashcards
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~First black woman to be awarded a PhD from Columbia University
~Examined impact of prejudice and discrimination on child development.
~Found a job analyzing research data as executive director of the Northside Center for Child Development.
Mamie Phipps Clark
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If a test measures what it intends to measure
Validity
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participants and the researchers working directly with those participants are unaware of who is getting the real treatment and who is getting the pretend treatment.
Double-Blind Study
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~Other people as well as the broader cultural context, influence behavior and mental processes.
~Lev Vygotsky proposed we should examine how these forces impact the cognitive development of children, asserting that parents, teachers, and peers play critical roles in how children gain knowledge and skill.
Sociocultural Perspective
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The researchers randomly assign participants to two or more groups that they try to make equivalent with respect to all variables, with one key exception: the treatment or manipulation being studied.
How does the experimental method allow us to control variables?
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wording of survey questions can lead to biases in responses, participants are not always forthright in their responses, obtaining a representative sample.
Limitations of survey method
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~”Humans are the way they are for functional reasons”
~Humans have evolved characteristics that help them adapt to the environment, increasing their chances of surviving and reproducing.
~David Buss is a founder
~Used to explain intelligence, infidelity in relationships, variety of personality traits, and risk taking.
Evolutionary Perspective
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~Uses knowledge of underlying physiology to explain behavior and mental processes.
~Tells us everything about humans can be understood in terms of electrical and chemical changes in the nervous system
~Explore factors such as genes and brain activity and how that influences behavior and cognition.
Biological Perspective
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sublimation (redirecting unacceptable to acceptable), identification (modeling feelings and actions of someone you admire), displacement (shifting negative impulses to acceptable target), repression (anxiety info pushed to unconscious), rationalization (creating acceptable excuse for uncomfy situation), projection (pushing your own anxiety thoughts and impulses on someone else), denial (refusing to acknowledge a distressing reality)
Least adaptive to most adaptive ego defense mechanisms
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~People have free will and can choose to grow or not
~”Humans are naturally inclined to grow in a positive direction”
~Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow believe that the need for acceptance can be more influential than the need for self-actualization(the complete realization of one’s potential, and the full development of one’s abilities and appreciation for life).
~known as the “third Force”
Humanistic Perspective
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~Behavior is learned through associations, reinforcers, and observation
~Important people are Pavlov (dogs responded to stimuli or events in the environment which became known as classical conditioning), John B. Watson (established behaviorism; “psychology is not study of consciousness but is the study of behavior”), B.F Skinner (Focused on operant conditioning which is learning that occurs when rewarded of punished)
~nurture side
~Does not believe in free will
Behavioral Perspective
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Psychoanalytic, Behavioral, Humanistic, Cognitive, Evolutionary, Biological, Sociocultural, Biopsychological
What are the Perspectives of Psychology?
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Group that does not get treatment
Control group
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~Offered the first psychology classes in the U.S at Harvard.
~Was inspired by Charles Darwin and created the school of functionalism.
William James
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environmental factors that shape behaviors, personality, and other characteristics
nurture
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~developed structuralism
~demonstrated that psychological studies through observation and measurement
Edward Titchner
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as one variable goes up, the other goes down.
Negative Correlation
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characteristics of the environment or participants that could potentially affect the outcome of the research.
Extraneous Variables
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As one variable increases, so does the other.
Positive Correlation
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~Most primitive structure of the mind
~Responsible for biological drives motivating behavior; fuels the impulsive, illogical, and infant-like aspects of our thoughts and personality
~Follows the pleasure principle (instant gratification)
The id
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A type of descriptive research that studies participants in their natural environment through systematic observation
Naturalistic Observation
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Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious
Freud’s 3 levels of consciousness
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focuses on changing behavior and outcomes, often conducted in natural settings outside of a laboratory.
Applied research
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~Mental processes that direct behavior, focusing on thinking, memory, and language.
~George Miller researched memory
~Memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, language, problem solving are all examples of mental processes
Cognitive Perspective
