Final Exam Flashcards

(64 cards)

1
Q

schedule of reinforcement where the reinforcer is given the same amount as well as the same amount of time goes by

A

fixed-interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

perspective that states humans have evolved characteristics that help them adapt to the environment, increasing their chances of surviving and reproducing

A

evolutionary perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

chemical messengers that neurons use to communicate at the synapse

A

neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

is anyone harmed by this behavior? (either the person or someone else)

A

maladaptive behavior criteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

behaviors an individual engages in to attempt to get rid of the obsessions and/or decrease stress

A

compulsions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

a very brief shift in neurons electrical charge that then travels across the axon

A

action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

a beneficial health outcome resulting from a person’s anticipation that an intervention will help

A

placebo effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

showing the same conditioned response to a similar stimulus (when you are in public and hear someone with the same ringtone as you so you look at your phone)

A

stimulus generalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

gradual weakening or disappearance of a response because it is no longer followed by reinforcement (you need conditioned stimulus without unconditioned stimulus)

A

extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

unwanted, intrusive thoughts, images, or urges that trigger intensely distressing feelings

A

obessions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

false beliefs of persecution or others despite evidence to the contrary

A

delusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

any consequence that makes a response less likely to happen again

A

punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

a type of descriptive research that closely examines an individual or small group

A

case study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

those who get the treatment are the _________ group and those who get no treatment are the _________ group

A

experimental; control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

when you are better able to remember items at the end of a list

A

recency effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

perspective that states behavior is learned through associations, reinforcers, and observation

A

behavioralism perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

a type of descriptive research that studies participants in their natural environment through systematic observation

A

naturalistic observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the process of matching incoming data to the information stored in long-term memory

A

recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

schedule of reinforcement where you don’t know how many times you have to do a behavior in order to receive the reinforcement

A

variable-ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when you are better able to remember items at the beginning of a list

A

primacy effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

type of correlation that represents and inverse relationship whereas one variable goes up, the other goes down

A

negative correlation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the system of memory where all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently (capacity is seemingly unlimited; duration is relatively permanent)

A

long-term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the variable that the researchers are observing or measuring (may be more than one)

A

dependent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

first key process of memory, when you form a memory code

A

encoding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
reduce the effects of a neurotransmitter or block its release
antagonists
26
the mental repetition of incoming information
rehearsal
27
a large bundle of myelinated nerve fibers that connect the two brain hemispheres, permitting communication between the right and left sides
corpus callosum
28
the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about / being studied
population
29
take the middle number or divide the two middle numbers by each other after putting the numbers in numerical order
median
30
who said free will is an illusion?
B.F. skinner
31
a frequency curve where most occurrences take place in the middle of the distribution and taper off on either side
normal curve/distribution (bell curve)
32
seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, or feeling something that isn't there
hallucination
33
increase the normal activity of a neurotransmitter (whether its signal is excitatory or inhibitory
agonist
34
count which number comes up the most in a number set
mode
35
tiny, branch like fibers that extend from the cell body and receive messages from sending neurons
dendrite
36
perspective that believes humans are naturally inclined to grow in a positive direction
humanistic perspective
37
a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation
hypothesis
38
the father of psychology; measured psychological processes through introspection
william wundt
39
a system that initiates what is often referred to as the "fight-or-flight" response, which prepares the body to deal with a crisis
sympathetic nervous system
40
add up all the numbers in a data set and divide by the amount of numbers shown
mean
41
a learning process that is the act of learning by watching others; learning a new behavior by watching a model [person or animal] behave
observational learning
42
a group of psychological disorders associated with extreme anxiety and/or debilitating, irrational fears
anxiety disorders
43
a learning process in which two stimuli become associated with each other; when an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to elicit an involuntary response (INVOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR)
classical conditioning
44
type of correlation whereas if one variable increases, so does the other
positive correlation
45
type of reinforcement that is the removal, escape, or avoidance of unpleasant stimulus (increase a behavior in order to avoid unpleasant stimulus; doesn't mean its bad)
negative reinforcement
46
pulling information from storage in long-term memory
retrieval
47
perspective that states other people, as well as the broader cultural context, influence behavior and mental processes
sociocultural perspective
48
symptoms include persistent ASD lasting longer than a month or can emerge as late as six months after trauma
PTSD
49
T or F: the duration of STM without rehearsal is 12 seconds shown by the peter & peterson study
true
50
the hemisphere that controls the muscles on the left side of the body, handles creative and spatial tasks, and thinks intuitively (doesn't make logical sense or think rationally)
right hemisphere of cerebrum
51
what is the most prevalent disorder
major depressive disorder
52
the specific group that you will collect data from
sample
53
a system that oversees the "rest-and-digest" process, which works to bring the body back to a non-crisis mode
parasympathetic nervous system
54
perspective that believes behavior and personality are shaped by unconscious conflicts
psychoanalytic perspective
55
an instrument that measures electrical activity in the brain
EEG
56
when recently learned information interferes with the retrieval of things we learned in the past
retroactive interference
57
the process of retrieving information held in long-term memory without the help of retrieval cues
recall
58
perspective that states behavior is driven by cognitive processes (focuses on thinking, memory and language)
cognitive perspective
59
state of continuous elation, expansive mood
bipolar disorder
60
perspective that uses knowledge of underlying physiology to explain behavior and mental processes (genes, brain, hormone, etc.)
biological perspective
61
chemicals produced by the glands and released into the bloodstream (chemical messengers that affect many processes and behaviors)
hormones
62
the tendency for information learned in the past to interfere with the retrieval of new material
proactive interference
63
the variable that is the different treatment given to two groups, because it is the variable that the researchers are deliberately changing
independent variable
64
the type of stimulus that is learned from a past even (being afraid of bees because you got attacked by a bee hive)
conditioned stimulus