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Psychology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

schedule of reinforcement where the reinforcer is given the same amount as well as the same amount of time goes by

A

fixed-interval

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2
Q

perspective that states humans have evolved characteristics that help them adapt to the environment, increasing their chances of surviving and reproducing

A

evolutionary perspective

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3
Q

chemical messengers that neurons use to communicate at the synapse

A

neurotransmitters

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4
Q

is anyone harmed by this behavior? (either the person or someone else)

A

maladaptive behavior criteria

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5
Q

behaviors an individual engages in to attempt to get rid of the obsessions and/or decrease stress

A

compulsions

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6
Q

a very brief shift in neurons electrical charge that then travels across the axon

A

action potential

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7
Q

a beneficial health outcome resulting from a person’s anticipation that an intervention will help

A

placebo effect

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8
Q

showing the same conditioned response to a similar stimulus (when you are in public and hear someone with the same ringtone as you so you look at your phone)

A

stimulus generalization

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9
Q

gradual weakening or disappearance of a response because it is no longer followed by reinforcement (you need conditioned stimulus without unconditioned stimulus)

A

extinction

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10
Q

unwanted, intrusive thoughts, images, or urges that trigger intensely distressing feelings

A

obessions

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11
Q

false beliefs of persecution or others despite evidence to the contrary

A

delusion

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12
Q

any consequence that makes a response less likely to happen again

A

punishment

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13
Q

a type of descriptive research that closely examines an individual or small group

A

case study

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14
Q

those who get the treatment are the _________ group and those who get no treatment are the _________ group

A

experimental; control

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15
Q

when you are better able to remember items at the end of a list

A

recency effect

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16
Q

perspective that states behavior is learned through associations, reinforcers, and observation

A

behavioralism perspective

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17
Q

a type of descriptive research that studies participants in their natural environment through systematic observation

A

naturalistic observation

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18
Q

the process of matching incoming data to the information stored in long-term memory

A

recognition

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19
Q

schedule of reinforcement where you don’t know how many times you have to do a behavior in order to receive the reinforcement

A

variable-ratio

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20
Q

when you are better able to remember items at the beginning of a list

A

primacy effect

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21
Q

type of correlation that represents and inverse relationship whereas one variable goes up, the other goes down

A

negative correlation

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22
Q

the system of memory where all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently (capacity is seemingly unlimited; duration is relatively permanent)

A

long-term memory

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23
Q

the variable that the researchers are observing or measuring (may be more than one)

A

dependent variable

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24
Q

first key process of memory, when you form a memory code

A

encoding

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25
Q

reduce the effects of a neurotransmitter or block its release

A

antagonists

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26
Q

the mental repetition of incoming information

A

rehearsal

27
Q

a large bundle of myelinated nerve fibers that connect the two brain hemispheres, permitting communication between the right and left sides

A

corpus callosum

28
Q

the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about / being studied

A

population

29
Q

take the middle number or divide the two middle numbers by each other after putting the numbers in numerical order

A

median

30
Q

who said free will is an illusion?

A

B.F. skinner

31
Q

a frequency curve where most occurrences take place in the middle of the distribution and taper off on either side

A

normal curve/distribution (bell curve)

32
Q

seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, or feeling something that isn’t there

A

hallucination

33
Q

increase the normal activity of a neurotransmitter (whether its signal is excitatory or inhibitory

A

agonist

34
Q

count which number comes up the most in a number set

A

mode

35
Q

tiny, branch like fibers that extend from the cell body and receive messages from sending neurons

A

dendrite

36
Q

perspective that believes humans are naturally inclined to grow in a positive direction

A

humanistic perspective

37
Q

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation

A

hypothesis

38
Q

the father of psychology; measured psychological processes through introspection

A

william wundt

39
Q

a system that initiates what is often referred to as the “fight-or-flight” response, which prepares the body to deal with a crisis

A

sympathetic nervous system

40
Q

add up all the numbers in a data set and divide by the amount of numbers shown

A

mean

41
Q

a learning process that is the act of learning by watching others; learning a new behavior by watching a model [person or animal] behave

A

observational learning

42
Q

a group of psychological disorders associated with extreme anxiety and/or debilitating, irrational fears

A

anxiety disorders

43
Q

a learning process in which two stimuli become associated with each other; when an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to elicit an involuntary response (INVOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR)

A

classical conditioning

44
Q

type of correlation whereas if one variable increases, so does the other

A

positive correlation

45
Q

type of reinforcement that is the removal, escape, or avoidance of unpleasant stimulus (increase a behavior in order to avoid unpleasant stimulus; doesn’t mean its bad)

A

negative reinforcement

46
Q

pulling information from storage in long-term memory

A

retrieval

47
Q

perspective that states other people, as well as the broader cultural context, influence behavior and mental processes

A

sociocultural perspective

48
Q

symptoms include persistent ASD lasting longer than a month or can emerge as late as six months after trauma

A

PTSD

49
Q

T or F: the duration of STM without rehearsal is 12 seconds shown by the peter & peterson study

A

true

50
Q

the hemisphere that controls the muscles on the left side of the body, handles creative and spatial tasks, and thinks intuitively (doesn’t make logical sense or think rationally)

A

right hemisphere of cerebrum

51
Q

what is the most prevalent disorder

A

major depressive disorder

52
Q

the specific group that you will collect data from

A

sample

53
Q

a system that oversees the “rest-and-digest” process, which works to bring the body back to a non-crisis mode

A

parasympathetic nervous system

54
Q

perspective that believes behavior and personality are shaped by unconscious conflicts

A

psychoanalytic perspective

55
Q

an instrument that measures electrical activity in the brain

A

EEG

56
Q

when recently learned information interferes with the retrieval of things we learned in the past

A

retroactive interference

57
Q

the process of retrieving information held in long-term memory without the help of retrieval cues

A

recall

58
Q

perspective that states behavior is driven by cognitive processes (focuses on thinking, memory and language)

A

cognitive perspective

59
Q

state of continuous elation, expansive mood

A

bipolar disorder

60
Q

perspective that uses knowledge of underlying physiology to explain behavior and mental processes (genes, brain, hormone, etc.)

A

biological perspective

61
Q

chemicals produced by the glands and released into the bloodstream (chemical messengers that affect many processes and behaviors)

A

hormones

62
Q

the tendency for information learned in the past to interfere with the retrieval of new material

A

proactive interference

63
Q

the variable that is the different treatment given to two groups, because it is the variable that the researchers are deliberately changing

A

independent variable

64
Q

the type of stimulus that is learned from a past even (being afraid of bees because you got attacked by a bee hive)

A

conditioned stimulus

Psychology (6 decks)

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