Final Exam

Question 1

schedule of reinforcement where the reinforcer is given the same amount as well as the same amount of time goes by

Answer 1

fixed-interval

Question 2

perspective that states humans have evolved characteristics that help them adapt to the environment, increasing their chances of surviving and reproducing

Answer 2

evolutionary perspective

Question 3

chemical messengers that neurons use to communicate at the synapse

Answer 3

neurotransmitters

Question 4

is anyone harmed by this behavior? (either the person or someone else)

Answer 4

maladaptive behavior criteria

Question 5

behaviors an individual engages in to attempt to get rid of the obsessions and/or decrease stress

Answer 5

compulsions

Question 6

a very brief shift in neurons electrical charge that then travels across the axon

Answer 6

action potential

Question 7

a beneficial health outcome resulting from a person’s anticipation that an intervention will help

Answer 7

placebo effect

Question 8

showing the same conditioned response to a similar stimulus (when you are in public and hear someone with the same ringtone as you so you look at your phone)

Answer 8

stimulus generalization

Question 9

gradual weakening or disappearance of a response because it is no longer followed by reinforcement (you need conditioned stimulus without unconditioned stimulus)

Answer 9

extinction

Question 10

unwanted, intrusive thoughts, images, or urges that trigger intensely distressing feelings

Answer 10

obessions

Question 11

false beliefs of persecution or others despite evidence to the contrary

Answer 11

delusion

Question 12

any consequence that makes a response less likely to happen again

Answer 12

punishment

Question 13

a type of descriptive research that closely examines an individual or small group

Answer 13

case study

Question 14

those who get the treatment are the _________ group and those who get no treatment are the _________ group

Answer 14

experimental; control

Question 15

when you are better able to remember items at the end of a list

Answer 15

recency effect

Question 16

perspective that states behavior is learned through associations, reinforcers, and observation

Answer 16

behavioralism perspective

Question 17

a type of descriptive research that studies participants in their natural environment through systematic observation

Answer 17

naturalistic observation

Question 18

the process of matching incoming data to the information stored in long-term memory

Answer 18

recognition

Question 19

schedule of reinforcement where you don’t know how many times you have to do a behavior in order to receive the reinforcement

Answer 19

variable-ratio

Question 20

when you are better able to remember items at the beginning of a list

Answer 20

primacy effect

Question 21

type of correlation that represents and inverse relationship whereas one variable goes up, the other goes down

Answer 21

negative correlation

Question 22

the system of memory where all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently (capacity is seemingly unlimited; duration is relatively permanent)

Answer 22

long-term memory

Question 23

the variable that the researchers are observing or measuring (may be more than one)

Answer 23

dependent variable

Question 24

first key process of memory, when you form a memory code

Answer 24

encoding

Question 25

reduce the effects of a neurotransmitter or block its release

Answer 25

antagonists

Question 26

the mental repetition of incoming information

Answer 26

rehearsal

Question 27

a large bundle of myelinated nerve fibers that connect the two brain hemispheres, permitting communication between the right and left sides

Answer 27

corpus callosum

Question 28

the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about / being studied

Answer 28

population

Question 29

take the middle number or divide the two middle numbers by each other after putting the numbers in numerical order

Answer 29

median

Question 30

who said free will is an illusion?

Answer 30

B.F. skinner

Question 31

a frequency curve where most occurrences take place in the middle of the distribution and taper off on either side

Answer 31

normal curve/distribution (bell curve)

Question 32

seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, or feeling something that isn't there

Answer 32

hallucination

Question 33

increase the normal activity of a neurotransmitter (whether its signal is excitatory or inhibitory

Answer 33

agonist

Question 34

count which number comes up the most in a number set

Answer 34

mode

Question 35

tiny, branch like fibers that extend from the cell body and receive messages from sending neurons

Answer 35

dendrite

Question 36

perspective that believes humans are naturally inclined to grow in a positive direction

Answer 36

humanistic perspective

Question 37

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation

Answer 37

hypothesis

Question 38

the father of psychology; measured psychological processes through introspection

Answer 38

william wundt

Question 39

a system that initiates what is often referred to as the "fight-or-flight" response, which prepares the body to deal with a crisis

Answer 39

sympathetic nervous system

Question 40

add up all the numbers in a data set and divide by the amount of numbers shown

Answer 40

mean

Question 41

a learning process that is the act of learning by watching others; learning a new behavior by watching a model [person or animal] behave

Answer 41

observational learning

Question 42

a group of psychological disorders associated with extreme anxiety and/or debilitating, irrational fears

Answer 42

anxiety disorders

Question 43

a learning process in which two stimuli become associated with each other; when an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to elicit an involuntary response (INVOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR)

Answer 43

classical conditioning

Question 44

type of correlation whereas if one variable increases, so does the other

Answer 44

positive correlation

Question 45

type of reinforcement that is the removal, escape, or avoidance of unpleasant stimulus (increase a behavior in order to avoid unpleasant stimulus; doesn't mean its bad)

Answer 45

negative reinforcement

Question 46

pulling information from storage in long-term memory

Answer 46

retrieval

Question 47

perspective that states other people, as well as the broader cultural context, influence behavior and mental processes

Answer 47

sociocultural perspective

Question 48

symptoms include persistent ASD lasting longer than a month or can emerge as late as six months after trauma

Answer 48

PTSD

Question 49

T or F: the duration of STM without rehearsal is 12 seconds shown by the peter & peterson study

Answer 49

true

Question 50

the hemisphere that controls the muscles on the left side of the body, handles creative and spatial tasks, and thinks intuitively (doesn't make logical sense or think rationally)

Answer 50

right hemisphere of cerebrum

Question 51

what is the most prevalent disorder

Answer 51

major depressive disorder

Question 52

the specific group that you will collect data from

Answer 52

sample

Question 53

a system that oversees the "rest-and-digest" process, which works to bring the body back to a non-crisis mode

Answer 53

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 54

perspective that believes behavior and personality are shaped by unconscious conflicts

Answer 54

psychoanalytic perspective

Question 55

an instrument that measures electrical activity in the brain

Answer 55

EEG

Question 56

when recently learned information interferes with the retrieval of things we learned in the past

Answer 56

retroactive interference

Question 57

the process of retrieving information held in long-term memory without the help of retrieval cues

Answer 57

recall

Question 58

perspective that states behavior is driven by cognitive processes (focuses on thinking, memory and language)

Answer 58

cognitive perspective

Question 59

state of continuous elation, expansive mood

Answer 59

bipolar disorder

Question 60

perspective that uses knowledge of underlying physiology to explain behavior and mental processes (genes, brain, hormone, etc.)

Answer 60

biological perspective

Question 61

chemicals produced by the glands and released into the bloodstream (chemical messengers that affect many processes and behaviors)

Answer 61

hormones

Question 62

the tendency for information learned in the past to interfere with the retrieval of new material

Answer 62

proactive interference

Question 63

the variable that is the different treatment given to two groups, because it is the variable that the researchers are deliberately changing

Answer 63

independent variable

Question 64

the type of stimulus that is learned from a past even (being afraid of bees because you got attacked by a bee hive)

Answer 64

conditioned stimulus