unit5 Flashcards
peristalsis
muscular walls contract to move food into the stomach in a process known as
motility
movement
hematemesis
The vomiting of blood
hematemesis
Fresh blood in defecations w/ w/o poo
melena
dark, tarry stool
Peritonitis
digestive contents spill into the abdominal cavity and contaminate it
septicemia
blood poisoning
adenocarcinoma
cancer that forms in mucus-secreting glands throughout the body
Esophageal varices
dilated varicose veins in the esophagus
Hiatal hernia
a sliding of part of the stomach into the chest cavity through the hole in the diaphragm where the esophagus passes to the stomach
Reflux esophagitis
commonly called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which causes a burning sensation in the epigastric area known as “heartburn”
It is an inflammation of tissue at the lower end of the esophagus
Reflux esophagitis is caused by a backflow (reflux) of stomach acid through the cardiac sphincter
Gastritis
an inflammation of the stomach that may be acute or chronic
It usually causes abdominal pain, and may also cause belching, nausea, and vomiting
peptic ulcer
chronic form that is found in the stomach or duodenum
Gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and intestines
enteritis
inflammation of the small intestine
Malaise
general feeling of discomfort
inguinal hernia
a pouching of the small intestine and peritoneum into the groin – it is more common in males
Symptoms include a bulge in the groin or scrotum, with pain that worsens with lifting or bending, but is relieved by lying down
It may be caused by congenital conditions or weakness in the abdominal wall
Malabsorption syndrome
occurs when the small intestine cannot adequately absorb nutrients (especially lipids) and minerals
Symptoms include anemia, diarrhea, edema, muscle cramping, weight loss, heart arrhythmias, and blood clotting disorders
Causes include cystic fibrosis, diabetes mellitus, lactose intolerance, pancreatic deficiencies, and gluten enteropathy
regional enteritis
“Crohn’s disease”, chronic inflammatory disease characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation that affect the intestinal wall
It is also characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the bowel mucosa with marked thickening and scarring of the bowel wall
Until complete diagnosis is made, it is usually classified as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
remission
either the reduction or disappearance of the signs and symptoms of a disease
Gluten-induced enteropathy
an immune disorder that causes sensitivity to gluten proteins (found in rye, wheat, barley, and oats)
It is also known as celiac (non-tropical) sprue disease
It causes impaired absorption of related proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and vitamins, and requires restriction of all foods containing glutens
Intestinal polyps
benign tumors of the intestinal linings
They are often removed via surgery because they can increase the risk of cancer
Appendicitis
inflammation of the vermiform appendix, a primarily lymphoid structure located near where the small and large intestines joint – it is “worm-like” in appearance
polyp
abnormal tissue growths that most often look like small, flat bumps or tiny mushroomlike stalks
Diverticulosis
is condition wherein small pouches (diverticula) develop in the colon (usually the sigmoid portion)
It may be asymptomatic until the pouches are packed with fecal material, causing irritation
Once they become inflamed
Dysentery
various GI disorders that cause acute inflammation – it is common in underdeveloped countries
Hemorrhoids
internal or external varicose veins that develop in the rectum
They commonly cause bleeding with bowel movements, itching, and rectal pain
They are caused by pressure
Intestinal obstruction
may be either a disease or a symptom of another disease process
It can be due to a blockage, disease, or ileus (absence of peristalsis)
Causes of blockage include adhesions, hernias, volvulus (twisting of the colon), intussusception (twisting enough to “telescope” back on itself
Ulcerative colitis
defined as a “chronic inflammation of the colon”
It causes inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the colon and rectum
It appears to be related to stress, autoimmune disorders, diet, and heredity, and may increase the risk of developing colon cancer
Colorectal Cancer
usually appears as an adenocarcinoma arising from the mucosal lining, and affects both sexes
can spread throughout the body, but usually to the liver
Hemochromatosis
causes the body to absorb and store excessive iron, and is the most common inherited disease
Liver damage is likely, and this condition is diagnosed by blood tests for iron levels
Treatment requires up to 2 units of blood to be moved weekly until iron levels return to normal – this procedure must occur every 4 months throughout life
Cirrhosis
a chronic, degenerative disease that is irreversible – it is also known as end-stage liver disease
It causes normal liver cells to be replaced with fibrous, non-functioning scar tissue – the cirrhotic liver appears to be covered in nodules
It is often related to chronic alcoholism or congestive heart failure
Varicosities
varicose veins, usually in the esophagus
caput medusae
Varicosities occurring across the front of the abdomen
Splenomegaly
enlarged spleen
GI hemorrhage
caused by thrombocytopenia and the liver’s inability to secrete blood proteins for clotting
Ascites
accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity
Edema
swelling of (commonly) the ankles and feet due to liver failure
Jaundice
yellowish discoloration resulting from bile duct obstruction due to cirrhosis
Hepatic encephalopathy
nitrogenous waste products can circulate in the blood to affect the brain
Hepatitis
inflammation of the liver leading to abnormal function and other disease states
There are 6 main types: A-G (Except F)
Hepatitis A (HAV)
the least serious form
Hepatitis B (HBV)
serum hepatitis
Hepatitis C (HCV)
similar to hepatitis A, but attacks RNA of cells instead of their DNA
Hepatitis D (HDV)
delta virus
Hepatitis E (HEV)
does not result in chronic hepatitis
Hepatitis G (HGV)
newly discovered – caused by transfused blood, but may be transferred through pregnancy or sexual intercourse
nephrons
Filtering units of the kidneys
Bowman’s capsule
glomerular capsule, a cup-shaped structure around the glomerulus of each nephron in the kidneys that serves as a filter.
erythropoiesis
Process by which red blood cells (erythrocytes) are produced.
Anuria
no urine output
Dysuria
difficulty or pain when urinating
Frequency
urinating frequently
Hematuria
blood in the urine
Nocturia
increased voiding during the night
Oliguria
decreased urine output
Proteinuria
protein in the urine
Pyuria
pus in the urine
Urgency
the need to urinate immediately
Urinalysis
checks for pH, specific gravity, protein, glucose, sugar, or blood
Urine culture and sensitivity (C&S) test
checks for an abnormal number of white cells or bacteria
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
determines urea nitrogen or waste product levels in the blood
Creatinine clearance test
determines the ability of the renal glomeruli to filter creatinine out of the blood
Kidneys-ureter-bladder (KUB)
A diagnostic medical imaging technique of the abdomen.
Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
A radiologic procedure used to visualize abnormalities of the urinary system.
Cystogram
A visualization of the urinary bladder with the use of a catheter, radiocontrast agent, and x-rays.
catheterization
Inserting a tube into a body cavity, duct, or vessel. to instill fluids or medication into the bladder, or for the removal of urine
In and out catheterization
A temporary procedure wherein a catheter is removed as soon as urine is drained from the urinary bladder.
indwelling catheter
A catheter placed into the urinary bladder for longer periods of time.
suprapubic catheter
A catheter used to drain urine from the bladder by insertion through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone.
Cystitis
Inflammation of the urinary bladder.
Pyelitis
Inflammation of the renal pelvis of the kidney. primarily affects younger females, and is usually the result of an ascending infection from the bladder
Pyelonephritis
An ascending urinary tract infection that has reached the renal pelvis of the kidney
inflammation of the nephrons of the kidneys
It can be caused by either an ascending or hematogenous infection
glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli (small blood vessels) in the kidneys.
most common form of kidney disease
lipoid nephrosis
Earliest stage of childhood nephrotic syndrome.
Nephrosclerosis
is similar to arteriosclerosis, but in the kidneys
arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries.
Hydronephrosis
Distention and dilation of the renal pelvis and calices of the kidney.
Polycystic Kidney Disease
(PKD) is an inherited disorder characterized by multiple, bilateral grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that enlarge the kidneys, compressing and eventually replacing functioning renal tissue
This slowly progressing disease usually begins in teenagers and younger adults, leading to renal failure by ages 30-40
is inherited – if a parent has the disease there is a 50% chance that the gene will be passed to a child
Renal calculi
commonly known as “kidney stones”
often made of calcium salts and can vary in location, number, and size
Renal failure
the kidneys’ inability to cleanse the blood of wastes
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
self-dialysis that uses gravity to drain fluid through a permanently connected catheter into a bag worn around the waist – usually must occur several times per day
Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD)
requires a “cycling” machine that works while the patient sleeps
Intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD)
performed several times a week in a medical clinic
nephrectomy
Removal of a kidney.
Urinary incontinence
defined as the loss of control of urine flow
Overflow incontinence
the bladder does not properly empty and leaks when overfilled
Stress incontinence
urine cannot be held when coughing, laughing, or sneezing
Urge incontinence
there is a sudden uncontrollable urge to empty the bladder
transurethral resection
Passage of a cystoscope into the bladder through the urethra and a resectoscope that removes tissue for biopsy and burns away any existing cancer cells.
radical cystectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder.
Neurogenic bladder
Dysfunction of the urinary bladder due to a nervous system disease that relates to the control of urination.
Goodpasture syndrome (GPS)
also known as anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, is a rare autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack the basement membrane in lungs and kidneys, leading to bleeding from the lungs and kidney failure.
Interstitial cystitis
A urinary bladder disease characterized by pain during urination, urinary frequency, urgency, and pressure in the bladder and/or pelvis.
Cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by a gallstone obstructing bile flow
It may be prevented by maintaining healthy body weight and a high-fiber diet
Complications include rupture of the gallbladder and potential peritonitis, bile backup into the liver, and potential liver damage and cirrhosis
cholecystectomy
Surgical removal of the gallbladder.
Cholelithiasis
the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
Gallstones affect women more than men, with nearly 600,000 people in the U.S. having them removed each year
They usually cause symptoms because they are blocking the outflow of the gallbladder or its ducts
islets of Langerhans
Regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine cells. secrete hormones (glucagon and insulin) directly into the bloodstream
Pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas, which has the potential to cause death
The pancreas becomes inflamed, edematous, hemorrhagic, and necrotic
Powerful digestive enzymes from the pancreas may escape its cells and ducts to cause the pancreas to be digested (autodigestion) by the body, leading to hemorrhaging
autodigestion
Digestion of the body’s own tissue by its enzymes.
amylase
An enzyme that breaks starch down into sugar.
adenocarcinoma
A cancer of the epithelia originating in glandular tissue.
