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PT116 > unit4 > Flashcards

unit4 Flashcards

1
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Motor

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2
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Sensory

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3
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Hearing, Emotion, Memory

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4
Q

Cortex

A

inch gray matter

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5
Q

Occipital

A

Sight

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6
Q

Mid Brain,

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

It contains 12 cranial nerves, and helps in the control of respiration, swallowing, wakefulness, and other activities

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7
Q

The central nervous system (CNS)

A

comprised of the brain and spinal cord

It communicates with the organs and body systems via the PNS

Its divisions include the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem

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8
Q

spinal cord

A

runs from the brain through the vertebral column, stopping near the tailbone

The brain and spinal cord are covered in meninges, divided into the:
Outer portion (dura mater)
Middle layer (arachnoid)
Inner layer (pia mater)

Cervical Cord section, Thoracic cord section, Cuada Equina section.

Ends at L2 (Lumbar 2)- Splits at cauda equina

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9
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

comprised of the autonomic nervous system (ANS),
12 cranial nerves, and spinal nerves

It is divided into the:

Sympathetic nervous system – which controls changes in the body required to respond to stress (the “fight-or-flight” response)

Parasympathetic nervous system – which controls changes required to oppose stress (the “rest-and-digest” response)

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10
Q

spinal nerves

A 
31 pairs:
8 cervical pairs			
12 thoracic pairs
5 lumbar pairs			
5 sacral pairs
1 coccygeal pair

Each spinal nerve sends sensory impulses from the body organs and skin surfaces to the brain, while motor impulses return impulses from the brain via the spinal cord

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11
Q

Nervous system disorders

A 
Headache					
Nausea
Vomiting						
Mood swings
Fever							
Weakness

Disturbances in motor function include paralysis, seizures, and stiffness

Disturbances in sensory function include inability to speak, visual problems, and paralysis

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12
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

obtained via lumbar puncture. Distinctive test for neuro.

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13
Q

Encephalitis

A

“inflammation of the brain tissue”

It may be commonly carried by mosquitos

It may cause fever, headache, and back or neck stiffness, leading to lethargy, mental confusion, and coma

It may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other diseases such as chicken pox or measles

usually diagnosed by examining the CSF via lumbar puncture

Meds?

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14
Q

Meningitis

A

inflammation of the brain and the spinal cord meninges

usually a result of a bacterial infection

Such inflammation may involve all three meningeal membranes – the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

Meningitis may cause:
High fever, Chills, Photophobia, Severe headache, Vomiting, Neck stiffness

This may lead to:
Drowsiness, Stupor, Seizures, Coma

It is usually caused by bacterial or viral agents, and is almost always a complication of bacteremia (bacteria in the blood).

diagnosed by a lumbar puncture, which shows:
Cloudy or milky-white CSF
Elevated CSF pressure
Decreased glucose level
High protein level

usually response well to appropriate IV antibiotics

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15
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Seems to be increasing recently

caused by a virus entering the body via the gastrointestinal tract, and manifesting in the spinal cord and brain stem

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16
Q

Rabies

A

a form of encephalomyelitis that may be fatal

acute viral disease of the central nervous system, transmitted from animals to people through infected saliva
(Neuro toxin)

Once fully manifested (Incubation period), rabies causes delirium, severe encephalitis, muscular spasms, seizures, paralysis, coma, and death

Diagnosis: based on patient history and physical examination that checks for muscle spasms, pain, and stiffness

cauterized and injected with immune globulin
immunizations must be started immediately, involving a series of 5 IM (Intramuscular) injections

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17
Q

Shingles

A

acute infection caused by the varicella zoster virus (VZV)

Nearly ½ of shingles patients have experienced “chicken pox” previously (caused by the same virus)

Shingles causes an itching, painful, red-colored rash as well as vesicles that follow the path of one of the sensory nerves

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18
Q

Tetanus

A

acute, potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system

irritability, headache, fever, and painful spasms of the muscles resulting in “lockjaw” and laryngeal spasm

via (usually) puncture-type wounds

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19
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

A

Also known as a stroke or brain attack

usually occurs in people over age 50, and is a major cause of death in this age group

A CVA is a sudden impairment of cerebral circulation in one or more blood vessels

This interrupts or lessens oxygen supply, usually causing serious damage or necrosis in brain tissue

CVA may cause sudden unconsciousness, permanent neurologic disability, or death

Symptoms are based on the part of the brain affected and the severity of the CVA

Stroke typically results from cerebral embolism, thrombus, or hemorrhage

Risk factors include: hypertension and family history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks

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20
Q

Aneurysm/stroke

A

Left-side body system damage is indicative of right-side brain damage, and vice versa

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21
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

an episode of cerebrovascular insufficiency

It is usually associated with partial occlusion of a cerebral artery by an atherosclerotic plaque or an embolus

Common symptoms include dizziness, limb weakness, numbness, slurred speech, and brief or mild loss of consciousness

are warning signs of an impending stroke

A common surgery to correct bloodflow for TIA is a carotid endarterectomy

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22
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

affects the 7th (VII) cranial nerve (facial nerve) to cause one-sided (unilateral) paralysis of the face

Signs and symptoms usually result from interference in motor function

It is of idiopathic origin, but may be caused by viruses, Lyme disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hemorrhage, meningitis, tumor, local trauma, sacroidosis, and autoimmune disorders

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23
Q

Epilepsy

A

chronic brain disease caused by intermittent electrical activity

Incidence is highest during childhood and in the elderly, involving recurring seizures (“sudden attacks”) – not all seizures are characterized by convulsions

About ½ of all seizure disorder cases are idiopathic

treated with anticonvulsive medications

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24
Q

Headache

A

(cephalgia) is usually a symptom of another disease state

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25
Q

main fissures(2)?

A

The prime fissures are the longitudinal fissure
(separates L and R cerebrum) and lateral fissure
(separates the temporal lobe from the frontal & parietal

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26
Q

the (2) main sulci, their associated lobes & prime function

A

gyrus= in frontal lobe = motor function.

Post central gyrus= in parietal lobe = sensory function

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27
Q

Where is the gray matter in the cerebrum located generally (2)

A

grey matter of brain is located: in the cerebral cortex (outer 1 in) and Basal ganglia area (deep central cortex)

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28
Q

What structures comprise the diencephalon? And where are they located?

A

diencephalon includes the thalamus and hypothalamus. The diencephalon is located above the brainstem. The hypothalamus is anterior to thalamus

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29
Q

What are the (2) main functions of the cerebellum?

A

cerebellum controls fine movement and coordination

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30
Q

what is the function of the thalamus & hypothalamus?

A

Thalamus fx= relay of sensory/motor tracts Hypothalamus= temp, wakefulness, homeostasis

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31
Q

what (3) structures make up the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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32
Q

what are the general functions of the “brainstem”?

A

respiration, swallowing, wakefulness, cranial nerves originate

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33
Q

What brain structure contains arbor vitae?

A

found in the cerebellum

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34
Q

What is the structure that connects the cerebral hemispheres?

A

corpus collosum

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35
Q

What are the ventricle names that circulate the CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)?

A

Third x2, then cerebral acqueduct, then fourth ventricle.

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36
Q

What brain structure is referred to as the “little brain”

A

cerebellum

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37
Q

what are the names of the (3 meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord?

A 
Outer portion (dura mater)
Middle layer (arachnoid)
Inner layer (pia mater)
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38
Q

what is the name of the condensed spinal cord region at the L2 level called?

A

Conus Medullaris

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39
Q

what is the name given to the spinal cord fibers after L2 called?

A

Cauda equina

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40
Q

What type of matter is the butterfly-shaped inner region of the spinal cord versus the outer region matter?

A

gray matter

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41
Q

What type of matter do the ascending/descending tracts primarily utilize?

A

white matter, why? Because it’s myelinated= faster

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42
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves

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43
Q

(Spinal Nerves) What are the divisions and # of each of the divisions?

A

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 Lumbar, 5 Sacral, Coccygeal 1

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44
Q

Afferent means what in relation to spinal nerves?

A

Sensory-ingoing through dorsal root

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45
Q

Efferent means what in relation to spinal nerves

A

motor- outgoing through ventral root

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46
Q

What are the two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

Somatic and Autonomic Nervous system.
Somatic “voluntary” control r/t to skeletal muscles
Autonomic- “involuntary” control = sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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47
Q

Are the (12) cranial nerves and (31) spinal nerves part of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Yes

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48
Q

the first six cranial nerves in order?

A

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens

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49
Q

the last six cranial nerves in order?

A

facial, vestibular cochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus(x), spinal accessory, hypoglossal,

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50
Q

What cranial nerve is noted for most parasympathetic effects?

A

Oculomotor

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51
Q

Which cranial nerve provides taste, facial movements, and saliva?

A

Facial

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52
Q

which cranial nerve provides trapezius shrugging and head turning?

A

Accessory

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53
Q

Olfactory (I)

A

Smell

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54
Q

Optic (II)

A

Sight

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55
Q

Oculomotor (III)

A

Eyelid, pupil, eyelid movement

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56
Q

Trochlear (IV) and Abducens (VI)

A

Eyeball movement

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57
Q

Trigeminal (V)

A

face and mouth pain, temperature, and touch; chewing

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58
Q

Facial (VII)

A

taste, facial movement, saliva secretion

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59
Q

Auditory (VIII)

A

hearing, balance

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60
Q

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

A

swallowing, saliva secretion, taste, sensation in mouth and pharynx

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61
Q

Vagus (X)

A

pharyngeal, laryngeal, chest, and gastrointestinal system movement and sensation

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62
Q

Accessory (XI)

A

head and shoulder movement

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63
Q

Hypoglossal (XII)

A

tongue movement

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64
Q

What is the most important neurologic laboratory test

A

analyzing the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), obtained via lumbar puncture

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65
Q

Are neurological infections more common in the young?

A

yes

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66
Q

Encephalitis is defined as? & common mode of transmission

A

“inflammation of the brain tissue”, common mode of transmission= mosquitoes

67
Q

What are the S/S of Encephalitis?

A

It may cause fever, headache, and back or neck stiffness, leading to lethargy, mental confusion, and coma

68
Q

What are the cause/s of Encephalitis?

A

It may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other diseases such as chicken pox or measles

69
Q

How is Encephalitis Dx’d?

A

CSF culture, electroencephalogram, CT , MRI, & radionuclide scans

70
Q

How is Encephalitis Tx’d?

A

antiviral medication with varying degrees of effectiveness

71
Q

What is Meningitis?

A

inflammation of the brain and the spinal cord meninges

72
Q

What type of microorganism is the typical cause of the Meningitis infection?

A

Bacterial most common

73
Q

S/S of Meningitis may cause? (6)

A

High fever, Chills, Photophobia, Severe headache, Vomiting, Neck stiffness
may lead to:
Drowsiness, Stupor, Seizures, Coma

74
Q

A complication is often related to what condition?

A

complication of bacteremia

75
Q

Poliomyelitis: Is the incidence less or greater than in the past?

A

Incidence is less than in past

76
Q

Poliomyelitis: What is the microorganism, mode of entry, AND what nervous system structures does it affect?

A

Caused by a virus entering the body via the gastrointestinal tract, and manifesting in the spinal cord and brain stem

77
Q

What is the term to describe the effects of those who have had polio that may experience later progressive effects?

A

progressive muscle decline later in life= (“postpolio syndrome”)

78
Q

What potentially fatal (condition) or form is Rabies known as?

A

encephalomyelitis

79
Q

Rabies

a) What microorganism is the cause
b) what part of the nervous system does it affect
c) AND how is it transmitted?

A

a) Acute viral disease
b) of the central nervous system
c) transmitted from animals to people through infected saliva

80
Q

Rabies: What are the S/S?

A

delirium, severe encephalitis, muscular spasms, seizures, paralysis, coma, and death

81
Q

Rabies: Dx’d?

A

exam (spasm, pain, stiffness), animal biopsy, & physical

82
Q

Rabies: Tx’d?

A

Immunoglobulin + 5 series IM immunizations

83
Q

Shingles: What is the microorganism cause & name?

A

an acute infection caused by the varicella virus (VZV), which mainly affects older adults

84
Q

What % of those dx’d with Shingles, had a hx of chicken pox?

A

50% have had h/o of chicken pox

85
Q

Shingles: S/S?

A

itching, painful, red-colored rash as well as vesicles that follow the path of one of the sensory nerves

86
Q

Shingles: DX?

A

lesions, blood test for HZVirus

87
Q

Shingles: TX?

A

depends on severity: antivirals, antipruritics(anti-itch), and analgesics

88
Q

What year was vaccination for shingles 1st used and for what age?

A

2006 vaccination for > 60

89
Q

Tetanus: What is the a) microorganism and b)mode of transmission?

A

a) bacterial- neurotoxin, affects CNS

b) puncture wound

90
Q

Tetanus: Could this condition be fatal?

A

yes

91
Q

Tetanus: Is the DPT immunization as a child enough if you reach adulthood?

A

No, typically need a booster every 5-10yr to be immune as immunology cannot be conferred.

92
Q

Tetanus: S/S characteristics?

A

irritability, headache, fever, and painful spasms of the muscles resulting in “lockjaw” and laryngeal spasm

93
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA): is a major cause of death for those over 50 y/o?

A

True

94
Q

What is the cause of a CVA?

A

a sudden impairment of cerebral circulation in one or more blood vessels
This interrupts or lessens oxygen supply, usually causing serious damage or necrosis in brain tissue

95
Q

What is the most common cerebral artery that supplies the parietal and temporal lobes?

A

Middle cerebral Artery

96
Q

what cerebral artery supplies the frontal lobe?

A

Anterior cerebral Artery

97
Q

What are the three types of causes/types of CVA?

A

cerebral embolism, thrombus, or hemorrhage

98
Q

CVA: What are two risk factors?

A

Family hx of CVA/TIA, HTN (HYPERTENSION)

99
Q

What type of CVA would occur related to opening of an aneurysm?

A

hemorrhage

100
Q

CVA: DX’d

A

EEG, CT, or MRI

101
Q

A left Cerebral infarct would affect which side of the body?

A

Right body presentation/dysfunction due to L CVA

102
Q

CVA: Tx’d

A

Anticoagulant, HTN meds

103
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is an episode of cerebrovascular _______

A

cerebrovascular insufficiency. Temporary

104
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is usually associated with __________ occlusion of a cerebral artery by an atherosclerotic plaque or an embolus

A

partial occlusion of a cerebral artery by an atherosclerotic plaque or an embolus

105
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): S/S

A

dizziness, limb weakness, numbness, slurred speech, and brief or mild loss of consciousness

106
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): Dx test

A

Arteriogram

107
Q

A common surgery to correct bloodflow for TIA is a?

A

carotid endarterectomy procedure may be used to correct TIA artery blockage

108
Q

Bell’s palsy affects the _______( #, name)cranial nerve?

A

Facial nerve #7 (VII)

109
Q

Bell’s palsy: S/S and is it unilateral or bilateral? It is of idiopathic origin, but may be caused by viruses, Lyme disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hemorrhage, meningitis, tumor, local trauma, sacroidosis, and autoimmune disorders

A

unilateral facial droop (usually result from interference in motor function)

110
Q

Bell’s palsy: TX meds: (2)

A

Analgesics and anti-inflammatory medications (corticosteroids) and other measures may include warm, moist heat; massage; and/or electrotherapy

111
Q

Epilepsy definition?

A

chronic brain disease caused by intermittent electrical activity

112
Q

Epilepsy: what % is idiopathic cause?

A

50%

113
Q

Epilepsy: characterized by seizures, but not all seizures are characterized as: _____________

A

convulsions

114
Q

Epilepsy: Dx tests (3)

A

by more than 1 seizure via EEG, CT, or skull x-rays

115
Q

Epilepsy: Med Tx?

A

anticonvulsants

116
Q

what is another name for Headache (HA)?

A

(cephalgia)- is usually a symptom of another disease state

117
Q

what are the two types of physiological causes of HA’s? (2)

A

physiologic cause: by tense facial, scalp, and neck muscles, as well as dilation or constriction of the vessels inside the head (muscular or vascular). Also be head trauma, insomnia, substance abuse,

118
Q

Headache (HA): They may be acute or chronic, and caused/triggered by (6)

A

Allergies, Noise, Stress, Lack of sleep, Toxic fumes, Consumption of alcohol

119
Q

Headache (HA): DX tests used

A

skull x-rays, EEG, CT, MRI, cranial nerve testing, arteriogram, lumbar puncture, and CSF testing

120
Q

Headache (HA): general TX

A

different medications, diet, exercise, and adequate sleep

121
Q

Parkinson’s: What sex & age is the condition more prevalent?

A

Prevalent in men >50’s

122
Q

Parkinson’s: Definition?

A

slow progressive brain disorder involving the basal ganglia/substantia nigra region with brain cells that have deficient dopamine

123
Q

Parkinson’s: It characteristically produces? (3) S/S:

A

Progressive muscle rigidity, Akinesia, involuntary tremor

124
Q

Parkinson’s: common physical manifestations (6)

A

Rigid, immobile hands, Slow speech, Fine tremor- “pill-rolling” motion of the fingers, Infrequent blinking, An expressionless face, Flexed arms, “bent-forward” posture, walking gait with short, quick steps

125
Q

Parkinson’s: is it curable? What med tx is given?

A

not curable- but dopamamine med (L-dopa)

126
Q

Dementia definition?

A

a loss of mental ability because of loss of brain cells or neurons

127
Q

what are the types of dementia?

A

a) senile (old) cells degenerate naturally
b) Vascular dementia is considered a form of senile dementia because it usually occurs in older adult
c) head trauma
d) substance abuse

128
Q

dementia: tx meds

A

vascular (HA) hippuric acid including cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine

129
Q

Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative disorder of the __________, especially the frontal lobe

A

cerebral cortex esp frontal lobe deterioration of cells

130
Q

Alzheimer’s: how many years could the condition develop to late stage?

A

10 years could take to progress to late stage

131
Q

Alzheimer’s: what is the cause? Is there a cure?

A

no known cause, but has been linked to heredity, autoimmunity, toxicities- mercury eg, and viruses. NO CURE- some meds slow progression

132
Q

Alzheimer’s: Dx tests?

A

MRI,CT to see plaques

133
Q

Definition of apnea # of periods ____ lasting for ____sec during every ___ hour of sleep.

A

10 secs during every 1 hour

134
Q

Brain Tumor manifestations result from increased ________ pressure

A

increased intracranial pressure

135
Q

Brain Tumor Tx

A

chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, dependent on the type and location of the tumor

136
Q

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

A

is a complex injury with many symptoms and disabilities

137
Q

concussion

A

head trauma that does not physically bruise the brain tissue

138
Q

contusion

A

more serious than concussion, and is defined as a physical bruising of the brain tissue

139
Q

main symptom of both a concussion and a contusion

A

unconsciousness, and there may also be amnesia following the event

140
Q

epidural hematoma

A

“a collection of blood between the skull and dura mater”

141
Q

subdural hematoma

A

“collection of blood between the dura mater layer and the arachnoid layer”

142
Q

S/S of a hematoma

A

dilated pupils, headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, increased intracranial pressure, loss of consciousness, hemiparesis, and convulsions

143
Q

Tx hematoma

A

reduce ICP, and may include craniotomy and cauterizing of tissue

144
Q

Spinal Cord Injury: what is the term to describe the lower body that has been affected?

A

paraplegia

145
Q

Spinal Cord Injury: what is the term to describe when UE/LE are all affected?

A

quadriplegia

146
Q

Spinal cord injury often causes loss of feeling and movement (_______) the area of injury

A

below the level

147
Q

When the C1-C3 area of the spinal cord is injured, it is often fatal, due to?

A

the breathing centers in the medulla being affected when C1-3 levels are involved

148
Q

what is the condition called whereby damage to ½ of the spinal cord is affected?

A

Brown Sequard syndrome

149
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Definition? And also known by what name?

A

a degenerative disease that affects the upper and lower motor neurons, and is commonly called “Lou Gehrig’s disease”

150
Q

(ALS) Possible prognosis in years?

A

debilitating progressive- could fatal in 1 year

151
Q

(ALS) Age range of onset? And gender?

A

age range 40-70, Men 3x more common

152
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome: Definition

A

lastGuillain-Barre syndrome is an acute, progressive spinal nerve disease of unknown origin

153
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome: S/S

A

It causes fever, malaise, nausea, muscle weakness, paresthesia, and paralysis

154
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome: how long do the symptoms progress and recovery can last?

A

Symptoms can progress to several weeks, and recovery can take up to one year

155
Q

Huntington’s Chorea: Definition

A

This genetic disease affects half of children in families in which one parent has the dominant gene

156
Q

Huntington’s Chorea: age appear?

A

It does not appear until middle age

157
Q

Huntington’s Chorea: s/s key (3)

A

progressive brain deterioration, loss of muscle control, and chorea

158
Q

Huntington’s Chorea: is there a cure?

A

There is no cure, and treatment is supportive

159
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS): definition?

A

a chronic inflammatory disease involving demyelinization of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord

160
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS): S/S (6ish)

A

lack of coordination, muscle weakness or numbness, unsteady gait, paresthesia, vertigo, difficulty speaking, etc.

161
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Med tx Acute attacks vs Chronic?

A

a) Acute attacks are treated with corticosteroids

b) Chronic forms are treated with interferons, immune modulators

162
Q

Myasthenia Gravis: definition?

A

Myasthenia gravis is a chronic and progressive neuromuscular disease that appears to develop from the presence of autoantibodies to the acetylcholine receptor (affects the NMJ)

163
Q

Myasthenia Gravis: symptom presentation

A

causes severe muscular weakness and progressive fatigue

164
Q

Myasthenia Gravis: Does this condition cause muscle atrophy?

A

not cause muscular atrophy

PT116 (9 decks)

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