unit3 Flashcards
upper respiratory tract
Nose
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
lower respiratory tract
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tree
Lungs
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
dysphonia
hoarseness
cachetic
loss of weight
pyrogen
fever
Inspiration muscle (breathing)
Diaphragm, Moves down. External Intercostals.
Expiration muscle (breathing)
Passive process. When forcing- Internal intercostals, abdominal muscles.
fluid compartments
intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and an extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment
intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment
includes water and electrolytes that are enclosed by cell membranes.
extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment
fluid outside the cells.
who has higher fluid content
Males 63% body water
What are the three water imbalances
dehydration, edema, and water intoxication
Structures of the respiratory system
Upper Respiratory Tract
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx
Lower Respiratory Tract
larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs
Upper Respiratory Tract
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx
Lower Respiratory Tract
larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs
Spinal curvatures
Kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis,
Asthma
periodic episodes of severe but reversible bronchial obstruction in patients who have hypersensitive or hyperresponsive airways
Symptoms include episodes of dyspnea and wheezing on exhalation, which result from bronchospasm
COPD:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) actually describes both chronic bronchitis and emphysema, which often coexist
Patients have high levels of carbon dioxide in their blood but cannot increase breathing to remove it.
1 – mild – minimal shortness of breath
2 – moderate – shortness of breath upon exertion
3 – severe – the condition affects quality of life
4 – very severe – shortness of breath greatly impairs quality of life and exacerbations may become life threatening
Symptoms include dyspnea, chronic coughing, wheezing, hemoptysis, cyanosis, weight loss, pursed-lip breathing, and a barrel chest
CF
Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis
caused by an exocrine gland dysfunction, and affects a variety of organ systems besides the lungs
Symptoms include chronic airway infection, thick secretions, bronchiectasis, bronchiolectasis, pancreatic insufficiency, intestinal dysfunction, sweat gland dysfunction, and reproductive dysfunction
Legionnaires
The bacterium lives in water storage tanks and air conditioning (cooling) systems
The disease primarily affects older males
Symptoms include coughing, high fever, bradycardia, chest pain, diarrhea, and visible signs of toxicity
Emphysema
a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by abnormal, permanent enlargement of the acini (the smallest secreting portion of a gland) accompanied by destruction of the alveolar walls
Symptoms include coughing, dyspnea, tachypnea, wheezing, barrel chest, decreased breath sounds, and clubbed fingers or toes
types of fx
Open – if the bone has protruded through the skin or any object has punctured the skin to break a bone (also called compound fractures)
Closed (simple fractures)
Complete – completely through a bone
Incomplete – bone is fractured, but not in 2 pieces
Greenstick – appear as partial breaks
Displaced – bone fragments are out of position
Comminuted – there are more than 2 ends or fragments
Compression – bone appears “mashed” down
Impacted – bone forced over the other end
Avulsion – small bone fragments separated from bone where a tendon or ligament is attached
Longitudinal – length of bone
Transverse – across or at 90-degree angles to bone
Oblique – transverse patterns
Spiral – twist around bones
Stellate – star-like patterns
Myositis
The term myositis is also known as idiopathic inflammatory myopathy
Myositis is defined as inflammation of the skeletal muscles due to injury, infection, or autoimmune diseases
compartment syndrome
Compartment syndrome is a serious condition involving increased pressure in a muscle compartment of the body that can lead to nerve and muscle damage, and limb amputation
tuberculosis
mainly affects your lungs. The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread from one person to another through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes.
Spondylosis
a general term for age-related wear and tear affecting the spinal disks in your neck. As the disks dehydrate and shrink, signs of osteoarthritis develop, including bony projections along the edges of bones (bone spurs).
bergers syndrome:
affects blood vessels in the arms and legs. Blood vessels swell, which can prevent blood flow, causing clots to form. This can lead to pain, tissue damage, and even gangrene (the death or decay of body tissues).1 In some cases, amputation may be required
swan neck deformity
It is caused by abnormal stress on the volar plate, the ligament around the middle joint of the finger (PIP joint).
The resulting shape looks similar to a swan’s neck, which is how the condition got its name.
Raynauds
some areas of your body — such as your fingers and toes — to feel numb and cold in response to cold temperatures or stress.
Osteomalacia
Softening of bone due to loss of calcium is referred to as osteomalacia, which is sometimes called the adult form of rickets, a childhood condition
It may be associated with severe renal disease, and incidence is high among the elderly
In vitamin D deficiency, bone cannot calcify normally, resulting in rickets, which causes bowed legs, “knock-knees”, etc.
sprains vs strains and grades
A sprain is defined as a traumatic injury to a joint, sometimes with partial or complete tearing of ligaments
Grades of a sprain include:
1 – slight stretching and damage
2 – partial ligament tearing
3 – complete ligament tearing
A strain is defined as an overstretching of a muscle/tendon that causes injury – they are less serious than sprains
Grades of a strain include:
1 – damage to less than 5% of muscle fibers
2 – more extensive damage but not a complete rupture
3 – complete rupture of a muscle
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is a collection of air in the pleural cavity that often results in partial or complete lung collapse on the affected side
Symptoms include sudden, severe chest pain, severe dyspnea, shock, shallow respirations, sucking breath sounds, and a shift of the mediastinum to that side – this is a medical emergency
Pagets
Also known as osteitis deformans, Paget’s disease affects bone formation
It is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by an overgrowth of new bone that occurs more quickly than the breakdown of old bone
The new bone is much weaker, and the condition primarily affects the pelvis and long leg bones in patients over age 40
Osteomylities
an inflammation of the bone and adjacent marrow cavity due to infection from a wound or other infection
It usually affects the long bones of the legs or arms, often causing limbs to develop shorter than normal
Symptoms include chills, high fever, malaise, tenderness, bacteremia, difficulty moving, and swelling
Osteoporosis:
a decrease in bone mass and a porosity of the bone, leading to major orthopedic problems in nearly 1/3 of U.S. women
Compression fractures of the spine often affect the height of the patient
*Spinal nerve root compression may result in radiating pain, “bloated” feelings, kyphosis, and a Dowager’s hump
Chondrosarcoma:
Malignant bone cancer of the cartilage
Chondrosarcoma affects the cartilage, and is the 2nd most common malignant bone tumor
It usually affects males in middle or later life
It is slow growing, yet often resists radiation and chemotherapy
It can transform into a highly malignant form known as mesenchymal chondrosarcoma
Clubbing
A deformity of (usually) the fingers and fingernails usually related to various conditions of the lungs and heart.
Aklalosis
an abnormal condition of body fluids characterized by a tendency toward a blood pH level greater than 7.45, as from an excess of alkaline bicarbonate or a deficiency of acid.
two major types:
respiratory alkalosis: caused by hyperventilation, resulting from an excessive loss of carbon dioxide and carbonic acid in plasma.
metabolic alkalosis: an abnormal condition characterized by the significant loss of acids in the body or by increased levels of alkalinity.
Acidosis
an abnormal increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the body, resulting from an accumulation of an acid or the loss of a base.
two major types:
respiratory acidosis: an abnormal condition characterized by a low plasma pH, resulting from reduced alveolar ventilation.
metabolic acidosis: Metabolic acidosis is caused by other acids accumulating in body fluids or by a loss of bases (including bicarbonate ions)
Orthopnea
shortness of breath or difficulty breathing when you’re lying down.
What are the CNS anatomical structures that control respiration
Medulla Oblongatat
Types of bone cells:
Osteoblasts – bone-building cells responsible for the formation of the bone matrix
Osteoclasts – responsible for resorption of bone, removing the mineral content and organic matrix
Osteocytes – mature bone cells actively involved in maintaining the bone matrix
Muscle involved conditions such as MD, myasthenia Gravis, etc.
skeletal muscles
