Unit2.1 2.2 Flashcards
Fitness
The indication of an individual’s ability to be successful both at surviving and repeoducing
Absolute fitness
Ratio of frequency of a particular genotype from one generation to the next
Relative fitness
Ratio of surviving offspring of one genotype compared with other genotypes eg size of wings
How to calculate relative fitness
Number of surviving offspring of individual with particular genotype divided by number of surviving offspring of individual with most successful genotype
How to calculate absolute fitness
Frequency of genotype after selection divided by frequency of genotype before selection
If absolute fitness is 1 then
Genotype is stable
If absolute fitness is less than 1 then
Decreased fitness
If absolute fitness is more than 1 then
Increased fitness
If relative fitness is 1 then
Most successful genotype
Evolution
The change over time in the proportion of individuals in a population differing in one or more inherited traits
Consistent change in allele frequency=
Population evolving
Evolution can occur through
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Sexual selection
Co- evolution
A change in the genetic characteristics of one or more species in response to a change in the genetic characteristics of another
Frequently seen in species that interact closely:
Herbivores and plant
Pollinators and plant
Predators and prey
Parasites and host
Red queen hypothesis
Continuing adaptation is needed in order for a species to maintain its relative fitness amongst the system it is co evolving with
Study of animal behaviour
Ethology
Animal behaviour- events
Short discrete movements
Animal behaviour States
Longer periods of time
How do u measure animal behaviour
Ethogram
Types of ethogram
Occurrence
Focal
Scan
Anthropomorphism
The attribution of human characteristics or behaviours to non human animals
Accuracy
How close ur measurement is to the actual value
Precision
Measurement of the closeness of two of more measurements of the same sample
What do u have to check when sampling is
Bias
Representation
Sample size
Legislation
Types of sampling
Random
Systematic
Stratified
Systematic sampling
Selects members of a population at regular intervals
Stratified sampling
Divides the population into categories samples proportionally
Hazard
A situation or circumstance that has the potential to cause harm
Risks
The likelihood of harm potentially caused by a hazard
Risk assessment
Conscious process of identifying the hazard, the risk associated, the subsequent identification and implementation of control measures
Taxonomy
The organisation of life into a hierarchy of closely related species
Taxonomy groups
Domain Kingdom Phyla Class Order Family Genus Species
Animal taxonomic groups you need to know
Nematodes
Arthropods
Chordates
Model organisms
Species that have been studied extensively
Phylogenetics
Uses fossil data as well as morphology and protein structure to make inferences on organisms’ evolutionary relatedness
Three domains of life
Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota
Divergent evolution
Accumulation of differences as species from a common ancestor undergo changes over time. Occurs when different selection pressures are acting on each lineage
Convergent evolution
Similar structures that have evolved from different ancestries. This occurs when very similar selection pressures are acting on these unrelated lineages
Estimating population size
N=MC/R
N population
M number captured and marked 1st sample
C number captured in 2nd sample
R number recaptured
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium principle
In the absence of evolutionary influences, allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant over generations
Conditions required to maintain HW equilibrium
No natural selection Random mating No mutation Large population size No gene flow
HW equation
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
Why is HW useful
You can use it to identify changes in allele frequencies and therefore provide evidence that evolution is taking place
Sexual dimorphism
Different sexes of same species show different characteristics beyond sexual organs
Reverse sexual dimorphism
Different dimorphisms than expected eg females bigger than males
