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Adv H Biology > Unit2.1 2.2 > Flashcards

Unit2.1 2.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Fitness

A

The indication of an individual’s ability to be successful both at surviving and repeoducing

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2
Q

Absolute fitness

A

Ratio of frequency of a particular genotype from one generation to the next

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3
Q

Relative fitness

A

Ratio of surviving offspring of one genotype compared with other genotypes eg size of wings

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4
Q

How to calculate relative fitness

A

Number of surviving offspring of individual with particular genotype divided by number of surviving offspring of individual with most successful genotype

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5
Q

How to calculate absolute fitness

A

Frequency of genotype after selection divided by frequency of genotype before selection

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6
Q

If absolute fitness is 1 then

A

Genotype is stable

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7
Q

If absolute fitness is less than 1 then

A

Decreased fitness

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8
Q

If absolute fitness is more than 1 then

A

Increased fitness

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9
Q

If relative fitness is 1 then

A

Most successful genotype

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10
Q

Evolution

A

The change over time in the proportion of individuals in a population differing in one or more inherited traits

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11
Q

Consistent change in allele frequency=

A

Population evolving

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12
Q

Evolution can occur through

A

Genetic drift
Natural selection
Sexual selection

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13
Q

Co- evolution

A

A change in the genetic characteristics of one or more species in response to a change in the genetic characteristics of another

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14
Q

Frequently seen in species that interact closely:

A

Herbivores and plant
Pollinators and plant
Predators and prey
Parasites and host

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15
Q

Red queen hypothesis

A

Continuing adaptation is needed in order for a species to maintain its relative fitness amongst the system it is co evolving with

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16
Q

Study of animal behaviour

A

Ethology

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17
Q

Animal behaviour- events

A

Short discrete movements

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18
Q

Animal behaviour States

A

Longer periods of time

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19
Q

How do u measure animal behaviour

A

Ethogram

20
Q

Types of ethogram

A

Occurrence
Focal
Scan

21
Q

Anthropomorphism

A

The attribution of human characteristics or behaviours to non human animals

22
Q

Accuracy

A

How close ur measurement is to the actual value

23
Q

Precision

A

Measurement of the closeness of two of more measurements of the same sample

24
Q

What do u have to check when sampling is

A

Bias
Representation
Sample size
Legislation

25
Q

Types of sampling

A

Random
Systematic
Stratified

26
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Selects members of a population at regular intervals

27
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Divides the population into categories samples proportionally

28
Q

Hazard

A

A situation or circumstance that has the potential to cause harm

29
Q

Risks

A

The likelihood of harm potentially caused by a hazard

30
Q

Risk assessment

A

Conscious process of identifying the hazard, the risk associated, the subsequent identification and implementation of control measures

31
Q

Taxonomy

A

The organisation of life into a hierarchy of closely related species

32
Q

Taxonomy groups

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phyla
Class
Order
Family
Genus 
Species
33
Q

Animal taxonomic groups you need to know

A

Nematodes
Arthropods
Chordates

34
Q

Model organisms

A

Species that have been studied extensively

35
Q

Phylogenetics

A

Uses fossil data as well as morphology and protein structure to make inferences on organisms’ evolutionary relatedness

36
Q

Three domains of life

A

Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota

37
Q

Divergent evolution

A

Accumulation of differences as species from a common ancestor undergo changes over time. Occurs when different selection pressures are acting on each lineage

38
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Similar structures that have evolved from different ancestries. This occurs when very similar selection pressures are acting on these unrelated lineages

39
Q

Estimating population size

A

N=MC/R

N population
M number captured and marked 1st sample
C number captured in 2nd sample
R number recaptured

40
Q

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium principle

A

In the absence of evolutionary influences, allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant over generations

41
Q

Conditions required to maintain HW equilibrium

A 
No natural selection
Random mating
No mutation
Large population size
No gene flow
42
Q

HW equation

A

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

43
Q

Why is HW useful

A

You can use it to identify changes in allele frequencies and therefore provide evidence that evolution is taking place

44
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Different sexes of same species show different characteristics beyond sexual organs

45
Q

Reverse sexual dimorphism

A

Different dimorphisms than expected eg females bigger than males

Adv H Biology (12 decks)

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