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Adv H Biology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Pilot study

A

Small scale preliminary study integral to development of investigation

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2
Q

What does pilot study evaluate

A

Feasibility, cost, time, statistical variability and adverse events

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3
Q

What are pilot studies used for (3)

A

To help establish number of repeat measurements required, assess validity and ensure an appropriate range of values for the independent variable

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4
Q

Simple experiments

A

Single independent variable

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5
Q

Multifactorial experiment

A

More than one independent variable or combo of treatments

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6
Q

In vivo

A

In body

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7
Q

In vitro

A

Outside body

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8
Q

Observational studies

A

If cannot control things die to ethical concerns or impracticality, just observe. Less useful for causation but good for correlation

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9
Q

Confounding variables

A

Ones outside independent variable that may affect dependent variable
Keep constant or monitored

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10
Q

Blocking

A

If confounding variables cannot be controlled their effects are minimised by selecting control groups in which effects of confounding variables are equal

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11
Q

Randomised experimental design

A

Individuals are randomly assigned to an experimental group reliable

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12
Q

Randomised block design

A

If specific differences among groups of subjects occur eg gender then divided into homogenous groups then randomly assigned to treatment group

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13
Q

Controls

A

Parallel treatment in which factor being investigated is kept constant or at standard conditions

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14
Q

Negative control

A

Negates false positive. Addition of denatured enzyme when studying effect of enzyme on substrate

Hydrogen peroxide with water

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15
Q

Positive control

A

Included to check system can detect positive result negate false positive

Hydrogen peroxide with cátales

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16
Q

Placebo

A

Treatment designed to be harmless and have no effect. No one knows that they’ve taken

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17
Q

Sampling types

A

Stratified
Systematic
Random

18
Q

Random sampling

A

each member has equal chance of selection

19
Q

Stratified

A

Population is divided into categories that are then sampled proportionally

20
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Members of a population are selected at regular intervals

21
Q

Representative sample must

A

Share same mean as whole population, share same variation as the whole population

22
Q

Accuracy depends on

A

Quality of apparatus and skill of scientists taking the measurement. How close the data is to the actual value

23
Q

Precision depends on

A

Choosing the correct apparatus and using ur properly. Closeness of repeated measurements to each other

24
Q

Reliability depends on

A

Consistency of results each time the activity is repeated

25
Q

Validity depends on

A

How robust the experimental design is, how precise, accurate and relatable the results are

26
Q

Replication

A

A completely separate repeat of the whole experiment with new samples etc

Tank a tank b

27
Q

Repetition

A

Different samples measured in an experiment

One person- 3 blood samples
Or
Three people- three blood samples

28
Q

How to make Natural variation not a problem

A

Sample size large enough so that any differences between organisms are not hidden by natural variation between organisms

29
Q

Types of data presentation

A

Qualitative quantitative ranked

30
Q

Error bars

A

Lines through point on graph parallel to an axis which shows variation in the data

31
Q

Confidence intervals

A

Statistical estimate of range of values within certain percentage of the population would be found

32
Q

Types of correlations

A

Positive negative no

Strong weak very weak

33
Q

Anything that cannot be proven or disproven is

A

Non falsifiable and do not have a place in science

34
Q

Scientific cycle

A 
Make observations and construct a hypothesis
Design an experiment to test hypothesis
Gather and record data 
Evaluate results and draw conclusions 
Revise hypothesis if necessary
35
Q

Results must be

A

Reproducible

36
Q

Negative results are good because they (3)

A

Prevent needless duplicates of results
Inspire others to alter the experiment and gain positive
Make more realistic

37
Q

Why is peer review important

A

Assessed quality and suitability

38
Q

How to maintain integrity and honesty

A

Unbiased presentation and open about funding source
Avoid plagiarism
Replication must be possible
Cite and supply references

39
Q

3Rs

A

Reduce
Replace
Refine

40
Q

Ethic checks for human studies (4)

A

Informed consent
Right to withdraw data
Confidentiality
No harm

Adv H Biology (12 decks)

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