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ribosomes bind to
cytosolic face of rough endoplasmic reticulum
A transmembrane protein is
an integral globular protein
Every cell does not respond to every extracellular signal because
every cell has a different combination of receptors
In the production of monoclonal antibodies two cells are fused together to produce a
hybridoma
After the sodium-potassium pump has hydrolysed ATP the conformational change causes extracellular binding of
extracellular potassium ions
A kinase enzyme adds a phosphate on to the
R group of a protein
The affinity of haemoglobin for for oxygen increases with
increase in ph and decrease in temp
vital stains only stain
dead cells
at isoelectric point, the mass of precipitate does what
increases
accuracy means
Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true or accepted value
precision means
Precision refers to how close measurements of the same item are to each other.
what is catalysed by reverse transcriptase
RNA to DNA
The grouse male with other males at leks. what is a characteristic of this species
polygamy
what measure is not appropriate for reducing the incidence of disease in refugee camps?
improved vector control
cells that produce antibodies are
B lymphocytes
sexual imprinting is
an irreversible process that occurs in young animals and helps them to survive
what is a prosthetic group
A prosthetic group is a non-protein unit tightly bound to a protein and necessary for its
function
the conformation of tertiary structure is stabilised by
interactions between R groups: hydrophobic interactions;
ionic bonds; London dispersion forces; hydrogen bonds; disulfide bridges
when do allosteric interactions occur
Allosteric interactions occur between spatially distinct sites
kinases do what
catalyse the transfer of a phosphate group to other proteins
phosphatases do what
catalyse the removal of a phosphate group from proteins
what is a transporter protein
Transporter proteins bind to the specific substance to be transported and undergo a
conformational change to transfer the solute across the membrane
receptors for hydrophobic signalling molecules are
transcription factors
examples of hydrophobic signalling molecules
steroid hormones eg testosterone and oestrogen
hydrophilic signal transduction
Transmembrane receptors change conformation when the ligand binds to the extracellular face; the signal molecule does not enter the cell, but the signal is transduced across the plasma membrane
Transmembrane receptors act as signal transducers by converting the extracellular ligandbinding event into intracellular signals, which alters the behaviour of the cell
often involve G-proteins or cascades of phosphorylation by kinase enzymes
what is an action potential
An action potential is a wave of electrical excitation along a neuron’s plasma membrane
The transmission of a nerve impulse requires
changes in the membrane potential of the
neuron’s plasma membrane
Depolarisation of the plasma membrane as a result of the entry of positive ions triggers _____ and further _____ occurs
opening of voltage-gated sodium channels, and further depolarisation occurs
after a nerve impulse how is the resting membrane potential restored
Inactivation of the sodium channels and the opening of potassium channels restores the
resting membrane potential
a wave of excitation is
Depolarisation of a patch of membrane causing neighbouring regions of membrane to
depolarise and go through the same cycle, as adjacent voltage-gated sodium channels are
opened
what happens when the action potential reaches the end of the neuron
vesicles containing
neurotransmitter fuse with the membrane — this releases neurotransmitter, which
stimulates a response in a connecting cell
ion concentration gradients are reestablished by
sodium potassium pump
Assay
An assay is an investigative procedure that quantitively measures and qualititively assesses the amount, prescience or function of a target entity.
Immunoassay
A procedure for detecting specific proteins through their properties as antigens or antibodies
Often fluorescent or colour change if found
