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Biology > unit2- human body > Flashcards

unit2- human body Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

specialised cell

A

a cell with a particular function

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2
Q

tissue

A

made of groups of specialised cells working together

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3
Q

organ

A

made of different tissues working together to do a special job

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4
Q

organ system

A

made of many organs working together to do a special job

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5
Q

red blood cells

A

small round and biconcave shape

to absorbs and transfers oxygen

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6
Q

nerve cells

A

(neurons) long length for transmitting nerve impulses over long distances

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7
Q

sperm cell

A

tail which allows cell to swim to egg to fertilise it

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8
Q

stem cells

A

unspecialised cells that can replicate itself or differentiate into many cell types

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9
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

come from embryos produced during IVF treatment. can become the widest range of specialised cells

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10
Q

adult stem cells

A

stem cells found in specific tissues which can only give rise to a small variety of specialised cells

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11
Q

the nervous system is made up of

A

brain
spinal chord

nerves

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12
Q

function of the nervous system

A

send and receive messages by the specialised cell- neurons

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13
Q

sensory nerves carry the information from -

A

the sensory organs to the CNS

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14
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system. sorts information and stores some of it

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15
Q

order of flow of information in the brain

A 
sense organs 
sensory nerves 
central nervous system 
motor nerves 
muscles + glands
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16
Q

axon

A

long thin section of a neuron that the information travels along

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17
Q

dendrites

A

where the nerve cell connects to another. long bits on end

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18
Q

messages that move along the neuron

A

electrical impulses

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19
Q

electrical impulses get converted into

A

chemical signals (neurotransmitters)

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20
Q

chemical signals diffuse across the

A

synapse

space between one neuron and the next

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21
Q

process of a reaction

A

stimulus to sense organ to sensory neuron to inter neuron to motor neuron to response

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22
Q

reflex arc

A

tracks the flow of messages to the different nerves from the stimulus through the CNS and to the body’s response

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23
Q

reflex action

A

transmission of electrical and chemical signals through a reflex arch
rapid, automatic and involuntary

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24
Q

what do reflexes do

A

protect the body from harm

maintain body’s position

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25
Q

examples of reflex actions

A

knee jerk impulse
contraction of pupil in bright light
blinking
sneezing

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26
Q

medulla

A

controls the rate of breathing and heart rate

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27
Q

cerebellum

A

controls balance and muscle coordination

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28
Q

cerebrum

A

controls learning, memory, personality, reasoning, control of conscious movement and reactions

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29
Q

touch receptors

A

detect whenever something touches us

more touch receptors in some parts of the body than others

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30
Q

what does a homunculus do

A

the size of the different parts of the body are in proportion to the number of sensory neurons that body part has (how sensitive they are)

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31
Q

the endocrine system is

A

a collection of glands that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system.

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32
Q

how are hormones specific

A

target cells (tissues/organs) have receptors (proteins) on their surface which are specific to a particular hormone

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33
Q

endocrine glands release hormones into

A

the blood stream usually

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34
Q

hormones are

A

chemical messengers that can be transported around the body in the blood and affect other organs

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35
Q

how do hormones work

A

secreting cells found in endocrine glands release the hormone into the bloodstream. only cells with specific receptors on their surface will receive the signal

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36
Q

we need hormones because

A

they maintain stable internal conditions to maintain enzyme activity and metabolism

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37
Q

examples of changes that take place outside of the body

A

temperature, carbon dioxide/oxygen levels

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38
Q

examples of changes that take place inside the body

A

blood sugar levels, growth

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39
Q

glucose levels in the blood increase by

A

eating carbohydrates

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40
Q

glucose levels in the blood decrease by

A

not eating or exercising

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41
Q

two hormones that control the blood glucose levels

A

insulin and glucagon

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42
Q

insulin

A

produced in pancreas
changes glucose into glycogen
reduces blood glucose levels

(glycogen stored in liver)

43
Q

glucagon

A

causes stored glycogen changed into glucose and transported in the blood
increases blood glucose levels

44
Q

the alveoli are surrounded by

A

a sense network of blood capillaries to increase surface area within the lungs

45
Q

rings of cartilage are for

A

strength and allowing the trachea to open whilst also being flexible

46
Q

mucus - where it’s produced and it’s function

A

produced in mucus secreting cells that line the trachea and bronchi

small particles that are breathed in are stuck in the mucus

keeps surface of lungs moist

47
Q

cilia

A

tiny hairs that cover cells in the trachea and bronchi

move in a wave like motion and cause mucus to flow up from the lungs to the top of the trachea

48
Q

has exchange

A

oxygen diffuses through the alveoli into the blood stream. carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood stream into the alveoli

49
Q

why the lungs are so efficient for gas exchange

A

large surface area
alveoli and capillary walls are thin so gas diffuses quicker
dense network of blood capillaries that are close to the alveoli ensuring that gases have to travel a small distance so gas exchange is more rapid

50
Q

intercostal muscle

A

muscle between the ribs which contract to move rib cage up and out to increase chest volume and pull air into lungs

51
Q

diaphragm

A

large muscle below rib cage which contracts to increase chest volume and pull air into lungs

52
Q

what is the link between the heart and the lungs

A

the lungs collect the gases to exchange and deliver them to the blood which the heart must circulate

53
Q

why must the blood be continuously circulated

A

to allow the exchange of materials between the internal and the external environment

54
Q

blood vessels

A

capillaries
veins
arteries

55
Q

four chambers

A

right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle

56
Q

veins =

A

towards the heart

57
Q

arteries =

A

away from the heart

58
Q

blood is transported to the heart by… (left and right)

A

left- pulmonary vein

right- vena cava

59
Q

blood is transported away from the heart by… (left and right)

A

left- aorta

right- pulmonary artery

60
Q

order of blood flow

A 
vena cava
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary artery 
lungs
pulmonary vein
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta
body tissues
61
Q

what are valves for

A

valves prevent the backflow of blood into the heart from the arteries and ensures blood only flows in one direction through the heart

62
Q

why is the muscle on the left side thicker

A

it needs to contract to pump blood at high pressure around the body. whereas the right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs so less force is required

63
Q

the heart requires its own blood supply to ensure

A

that it obtains all the required nutrients and oxygen for muscular contraction. the heart is supplied w blood through the coronary artery

64
Q

arteries

A 
transport blood away from heart
thick muscular walls
blood pumped at high pressure
narrow lumen 
carries oxygenated blood
has a pulse
65
Q

veins

A 
transports blood towards the heart from the other organs
thinner muscular walls and a wide lumen 
contain valves
lower pressure
carries deoxygenated blood
66
Q

capillaries

A

transports blood close to every living cells
walls are one cell thick
exchange vessels because all exchange of materials take place through their thin walls
very narrow lumen
gas exchange takes place

67
Q

plasma

A

liquid part of blood

transports soluble food molecules, waste products, hormones, antibodies

68
Q

white blood cells

A

part of the immune system
defence
large than RBCs but far fewer of them
phagocytes and lymphocytes

69
Q

platelets

A

help the blood clot when there is a wound

70
Q

phagocytes

A

non specific

engulf pathogens

71
Q

lymphocytes

A

produce antibodies

72
Q

antibodies

A

specific to markers on the surface of pathogens

only effective against other pathogens with these markers

73
Q

pathogens

A

diseases, viruses

74
Q

haemoglobin

A

contains iron and gives red blood cells their colour
can associate with four molecules of oxygen
oxygen transporting molecule within RBCs

75
Q

when does haemoglobin associate w oxygen

A

when there is a high conc of oxygen eg in the lungs

76
Q

when does haemoglobin dissociate w oxygen

A

when there is a low conc of oxygen eg in body tissues

77
Q

humans need to eat a balanced diet to

A

provide energy
allow growth and repair
maintain health

78
Q

5 main food groups

A 
protein
carbohydrates 
fat
vitamins
minerals
79
Q

protein is for

A

growth and repair

80
Q

carbs are for

A

energy and fibre

81
Q

far is for

A

storing energy and insulation

82
Q

vitamins are for

A

promoting biochemical reactions

83
Q

glucose builds up to be

A

starch

84
Q

amino acids build up to be

A

protein

85
Q

fat breaks down into

A

3 fatty acids and glycerol

86
Q

digestion is

A

the breakdown of large complex insoluble molecules into small simple soluble molecules so that they can be absorbed into the blood stream

87
Q

mechanical digestion takes place in

A

mouth (teeth)

stomach (contracts to churn food)

88
Q

chemical digestion takes place in

A

mouth (salivary amylase and mucus)

stomach (gastric juices)

89
Q

oesophagus

A

long thin muscular tube which food travels along

90
Q

peristalsis

A

good moves through the digestive system by contractions of two sets of muscles in the walls of the gut.
contract to squeeze food down the oesophagus and intestines

91
Q

do muscles in stock crush food

A

no

92
Q

gastric juices

A

made by glands in pits within stomach walls

contains pepsinogen which is activated by hydrochloride acid forming pepsin

93
Q

pepsin

A

enzyme the catalysed the breakdown of protein into peptides and amino acids

optimum ph= 2

94
Q

hydrochloride avid

A

activated pepsinogen to form pepsin. kills bacteria in food. establishes optimum pH for pepsin

95
Q

mucus (in stomach)

A

lines stomach protecting it from hydrochloride acid that could break it down

96
Q

sphincters

A

rings of muscle in the digestive system. open to allow food to enter and exit

97
Q

small intestine

A

where breakdown of food is completed and small soluble food molecules are absorbed into the blood stream

98
Q

vikki

A

have a dense network of blood capillaries and a lacteal in each

blood capillaries for glucose and amino acids
lacteal for fatty acids and glycerol

99
Q

large intestine

A

absorbs water and salt

100
Q

liver

A

produces bile which is stored in the gall bladder

101
Q

bile

A

helps in digestion of fats

breaks down fat into smaller globules in a process called emulsification

102
Q

amylase for

A

starch into maltose

103
Q

lipase for

A

fat into fatty acids and glycerol

104
Q

pepsin for

A

protein into amino acids

Biology (5 decks)

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