Cells B Flashcards
different types of enzymes
catalase
phosphorylase
pepsin pH 2
trypsin pH 9
amylase pH 7
colour change for benedicts solution if maltose is present instead of starch
blue to brick red
colour change for iodine if starch is present
red brown to blue black
synthesis reaction
small, simple molecules join together to make larger complex molecules
degradation
large complex molecules broken down into smaller simple molecules
enzymes are made of
proteins
control
all factors being kept the same except one to allow us to compare with the results and proves any differences must be he to the changed factor
only changed by one variable=
valid
repeat =
reliable
enzymes are ??? and are made in ???
biological catalysts
cells
non living cells ______ catalase
do not contain
dependant variable
the one you measure
independent variable
the one you change
enzyme
a biological catalyst. speeds up the rate of reaction without getting used up
substrate
the chemical that the enzyme acts upon
product
the chemical produced by the enzyme reaction
starch is made of
glucose
protein is made of
amino acids
active site is designed to
match or complement the substrate
active site
the region on an enzyme where the substrate combined to be acted upon
specific
each enzyme has a unique shape which allows it to act on only one type of substrate (complementary)
optimum temperature
the temperature at which the enzyme works best
denatured
the active site is permanently damaged and changed in shape as a result of high temperatures. the enzyme no longer works
why do enzymes not work at low temperatures
there is not enough energy for the reaction to take place
human body temperature
37 degrees C
in a word equation…
enzyme goes above the arrow, substrate goes before and product goes after
different enzymes have different ___ optimums
pH and temperature
thins that effect enzymes
temperature
pH
specificity
what does ATP stand for
adenosine triphosphate
aerobic respiration
the release of energy from food in the presence of oxygen
ways in which energy is used in a cell
active transport mitosis protein synthesis sending nerve impulses muscle cell contraction
equation for aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen = water + carbon dioxide + energy
the process of producing ATP from ADP + Pi is controlled by
enzymes
respiration allows the cell to _____ it’s ATP supplies
regenerate
stage 1 takes place in
cytoplasm
how many ATP is made in stage 1
2 ATP (2ADP and 2Pi)
glucose is made into ____ in stage 1
pyruvate
anaerobic respiration is aka
fermentation
stage 2 of aerobic respiration takes place in
mitochondria
how many ATP are produced in stage 2
many
pyruvate is made into _______ in stage 2 of aerobic respiration
glucose and water
animals carry out fermentation when
we cannot meet oxygen needs
we exercise strenuously
oxygen is limited
fermentation
respiration without oxygen
how many ATP is produced in fermentation
2
equation for fermentation in animals
glucose into pyruvate = lactic acid
reversable
after a recovery period lactic acid can be drained by ____ to the muscles
repaying the oxygen debt
equation for fermentation in plants and fungi
glucose into pyruvate= carbon dioxide + ethanol
______ is used in baking to make dough rise
carbon dioxide
_____ is used in alcoholic drinks
ethanol
manometer
capillary U tube used to measure rate of respiration
part of respirometer
