unit1 aos2- developmental Flashcards
1
Q
lifespan development
A
the age related changes that occur from conception until time of death
2
Q
developmental norms
A
standards by which the progress of a child’s development can be measured
3
Q
areas of development
A
physical
cognitive
social
emotional
4
Q
continuous development
A
gradual ongoing change throughout life
5
Q
discontinuous development
A
specific stages with bursts of rapid development
6
Q
nature vs nurture
A
whether our development is due mainly to genetics (hereditary) or the environment
7
Q
maturation
A
preprogrammed developmental process.
orderly sequence of development of the NS and bodily structures
8
Q
principle of readiness
A
unless the necessary physical maturation has occurred, no amount of practice will produce a particular mental process or behaviour
9
Q
sensitive period
A
the period of time in which an organism is more responsive to certain stimulation
10
Q
critical periods
A
narrow period of time where development in an animal is preprogrammed for learning to occur
11
Q
epigenetics
A
the study of how environmental factors affect how genes are expressed
12
Q
monozygotic twins
A
identical
zygote splits into two- 100% genetically identical twins
13
Q
Dizygotic
A
non-identical
two eggs are released at the same time
share 50% of genes
14
Q
criticism of twin studies
A
parents tend to treat identical twins more similarly than non identical twins
15
Q
adoption studies
A
research using ppl who have been adopted, as well as their adoptive and biological parents, as participants
16
Q
attachment
A
the emotional bond that forms between two people
17
Q
characteristics of an attachment psss
A
proximity maintenance
safe haven
secure base
separation distress
18
Q
secure attachment`
A
uses care-g as a base for exploration
shows signs of seperation anxiety, but easily soothed by care-g
60%
19
Q
insecure avoidant attachment
A
20%
infant doesnt seek closeness with caregiver
when seperated, infant shows no signs of separation anxiety
infant ignores care-g upon return
20
Q
causes of insecure avoidant attachment
A
neglect and/or abuse
21
Q
insecure resistant attachment
A
infant appears anxious even in presence of care-g
extreme distress when care-g leaves
seeks care-g when reunited but difficult to soothe
12%
22
Q
causes of insecure resistant attachment
A
care-g who are frequently unresponsive to infant’s needs
23
Q
disorganised attachment
A
behaviour is inconsistent with patterns displayed in secure and insecure attachment and seemingly contradictory
eg responding to reunions with fearful behaviour
seeking contact with care-g upon reunion but moving very slowly
24
Q
possible causes of disorganised attachment
A
hostile caregiving, care-g experiencing trauma or loss, post natal depression
25
long term impacts of secure attachment
think captain america
good self esteem, trusting relationships, comfortable expressing feelings
26
long term impacts of insecure attachment
anxiety, difficulty forming or maintaining relationships with others, difficulty expressing emotions
27
theory of attachment
bowlby and ainsworth
28
genetics- impacting attachment
bowlby suggests that infants are genetically pre-programmed to display attachment signals
eg crying, gazing, smiling
29
temperment
an individual's characteristic way of reacting to people, objects and events
30
easy temperament
usually content and happy, regular feeding and sleeping habits, tolerant of frustration and comfort
31
difficult temperament
often irritable, irregular sleep and eating cycle, throws tantrums when frustrated
32
slow to warm up temperament
somewhat moody, moderately regular sleeping and eating cycles, cautious to new situations
33
who ran the monkey surrogate mother expiriment?
henry harlow
34
theorist of cognitive development
jean piaget
35
schema
basic building blocks of intelligent behaviours
36
action schemata
in born survival reflexes eg sucking and grasping, enabling infants to interact with others at birth???
37
adaption
the process by which we take in, organise and use new information
38
types of adaption
assimilation and accomodation
39
accomodation
updating current information or chemas
40
assimilation
new info
41
egocentrism
tendency to perceive the world solely from one's own point of view
42
animism
belief that everything that exists has some kind of consciousness
43
centration
inability to focus on more than one feature of an object at a time
44
theorist of psychological development
erik erikson
45
psychological development
psychological processes which take place within an individual and their experiences with others
46
limitation of erikson
used case studies, not expiriments. lack of manipulation of variables in his environment
47
psychosocial crisis
a personal conflict an individual faces in adjusting to society
47
psychosocial crisis
personal conflict an individual faces in adjusting to society
48
stage 1
trust vs mistrust
0-18 mths
49
stage 2
18mths- 3 years
developing independence
autonomy vs shame and doubt
50
stage 3
initiative vs guilt\
3-5 years
imagination and play leads to independence
51
stage 4
5-12 years old
industry vs inferiority
develops social and academic skills
52
stage 5
identity vs role confusion
12-18
building identity
53
stage 6
intamacy vs isolation
18-25
seek lasting relationships
54
stage 7
generativity vs degnation
25-65
guiding and establishing new generation
55
stage 8
65+
integrity vs despair
feelings of reflection of what has been achieved in life
56
approaches to describing normality
socio-cultural
functional
historical
medical
statistical
situational
57
sociocultural approach to describing normality
t, f and b that are considered acceptable in a particular society
58
eg sociocultural approach
burping, swearing, slurping soup
59
functional approach
t, f and b are viewed as normal, so long as they don't interfere with individuals living dependently
60
eg functional
unhappiness vs depression
61
historical approach
t,f and b that are considered acceptable depends on the period in time in which the judgement is being made
62
historical approach eg
owning a slave, bathing suit indecency
63
medical approach
t, f and behaviours may be considered abnormal if they have an underlying biological cause and can be diagnosed and treated
64
eg medical approach
tremors- PD
65
statistical approach
t, f, and b can be considered normal if they are shared by the large majority of the population
66
eg statistical approach
iq
67
situational approach
t, f and b that can be appropriate in some contexts but inappropriate in others
68
eg situational
tackling person on footy field v on street
69
typical behaviours
the usual actions of an indiv
70
atypical behaviours
actions that are outside of character for an indiv
71
adaptive behaviours
enable individuals to adjust to their environments appropriately and effectively
72
maladaptive behaviours
interfere with the individs ability to adjust to the environment appropriately and effectively
73
characteristics of a mental health disorder
-there is a clinically diagnosable dysfunction in t, f or b
it causes significant personal distress or disability in functioning in everyday life
actions and reactions are atypical of the person and inappropriate within their culture
it is not the result of a personal conflict with society
74
mental health disorer
A3DNC
75
addiction
recurring urge to use a substance or engage in an activity despite potentially harmful consequences
76
addiction is characterised by
decreased self control
activation of brain's reward system
withdrawal
77
types of addiction and eg
substance related eg opiod, alcohol, hallucinogenic
non-substance related eg gambling, gaming
78
symproms to have a gambling addiction
repeated attempts to stop, control or limit
restless when w/o gambling
gambles with increasing value in order to achieve desire
often preoccupied with gambling
79
gambling disorder
persistant and recurring maladaptive gamnbling behaviour that disrupts personal, family of everyday activities
80
types of stigma
social stigma
self-stigma
81
social stigma
the negative attitudes and beliefs held in the wider community that lead ppl to fear, reject, avoid and discriminate against ppl with a mental disorder
82
self- stigma
when an indiv accepts the negative views of others and applies it to themselves
83
reseach on labelling- seeing things
rosenhan 1973
84
rosenhan's critisisms
hearing voices= sign of serious mental dysfunction that medical staff were obliged to take seriously
dx of 'in remission' is rare and indicates that medical staff recognised a lack of symptoms typical of schizophrenia
85
categories of a mental health disorder
addiction disorders
anxiety disorders
mood disorders
personality disorders
psychotic disorders
86
cognitive distortions
inaccurate t, f or attitudes that can lead to poor decision making
87
eg cognitive distortions
illusion of control- eg lucky hat
gambler's fallacy- eg five heads in a row must mean that there will be a tail next
88
factors contributing to gambling disorder
biological- dop reward system
psychological- cognitive distortions (illusion of control )( gambler's fallacy )
social- social acceptability of gambling
89
Anxiety
A state of physiological arousal associated with feelings of apprehension worry or uneasiness that something is wrong or something unpleasant is about to happen
90
Stress
Estate physiological and psychological arousal produced by internal or external stresses that are perceived by the individual is challenging or exceeding their ability or resources to cope
91
Phobia
 excessive or unreasonable fear of particular object or situation the fear response is out of portion to the actual danger posed by the object or situation
92
Fear versus anxiety
Fear is response to real and present threat to safety and well-being where is anxiety is their response to anticipated threat
93
Types of anxiety disorders
Generalised anxiety disorder
panic disorder
specific phobia
social anxiety disorder
agoraphobia
94
mood
overall feeling that colours perception of the world and influences how we go about daily life
"non-specific emotional state"
95
mood disorders
involve a disabling disturbance in emotional state
96
three types of mood disorder
mania
depression
hypomania
97
depression
lasting and continuous deeply sad mood or loss of pleasure
98
mania
elevated mood involving intense elation or irritability
99
hypomania
extremely happy or irritated mood that is not as extreme as mania
100
characteristics of a manic episode
talking excessively and rapidly
easily distracted
rapid changes in train of thought
obliviousness to negative consequences
101
major depressive disorder
feeling sad most of the time or loss of pleasure most of the time (2 weeks)
102
symptoms of major depressive disorder
irritable, sleep problems, difficulty concentrating
103
bipolar 1 vs bipolar 2
b1- fluctuations b/w major depression + mania
b2- fluctuations b/w major depression + hypomania
104
cyclothymia
mainc + depressive symptoms
over at least 2 years
105
biological factors contributing to depression
genes
neurotransmitters
106
psychological factors contributing to depression
stressful life events that impact everyday life
107
social factors that contribute to depression
poverty
social stress (friction in relationships)
social isolation
108
biological interventions for depression
antidepressants
diet and exercise
109
psychological interventions for depression
meditation and mindfulness
110
social interventions from depression
social support
111
personality
a unique pattern of t, f and b that is relatively stable across time and in different situations
112
personality disorder
inflexible and maladaptive personality characteristics that interfere with functioning or cause significant personal distress.
113
characteristics of narcissistic personality disorder
exxag sense of self importance
overwhelming need for admiration from others
lack of empathy or intrest in others
extreme sensitivity to critisism
114
characteristics of borderline personality disorder
ongoing impulsivity
intensive fluctuations in mood
frequent feelings of depression
emptiness and fear of abandonemnt
115
narcissism made up eg
loki
116
borderline personality disorder eg
anakin skywalker
117
antisocial personality disorder
disregard for right of others
irresponsibility
impulsive and aggressive behaviour,
shallow emotions,
lack of empathy and loyalty towards others
118
eg antisocial personality disorder
geoffrey GOT (little blonde rat)
119
biological factors contributing to antisocial PD
genes
brain structure - asscoiated with reduced frontal lobe activity as well as reduced limbic system functioning
120
psychological factors involved in antisocial PD
emotional poverty- lack of empathy and trouble recoginising facial expressions
121
social factors influencing antisocial PD
family environment- neglect or abuse
social modelling- learning antisocial behaviour from parents
122
interventions
only in childhood and adolescence- pos reinforcing normal behaviour
123
psychosis
a condition in which a person experiences a loss of contact with reality
124
psychotic disorders
delusions, hallucinations, and disorgainsed thinking
125
positive symptoms of psychotic disorders
experiences and b added to a persons normal daily functioning
126
negative symptoms of psychotic disorders
removing something from a persons normal way of functioning
127
eg positive symptoms of psychotic disorder
delusions and hallucinations, disorganised speech and grossly disorganised motor behviour
128
negative symptoms of psychotic disorders eg
affective flattening- reduction in emotional intensity
alogia- decreased fluency of speech
anhedonia- decreased ability to express pleasure for normally enjoyable activities
129
biological factors contributing to psychotic disorders
genes- activated by trauma in early stages of life and passed from mum to son
brain structure- schizophren associated w dec activity in prefrontal cortex and dec grey matter in brain
130
psychological factors contributing to psychotic disorders
stress
cognitive impairments eg episodic memory- loss of personal identity
131
two hit hypothesis
suggests that schizophernia is caused by two subsequential events-
biological vulnerability eg inheritance of schizophrenic gene
or
a major stressful life event eg abuse or trauma
132
interventions for schizophrenia
antipsychotic medications
cognitive behavioural therapy
social support programs
