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psychology > unit1 aos2- developmental > Flashcards

unit1 aos2- developmental Flashcards

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1
Q

lifespan development

A

the age related changes that occur from conception until time of death

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2
Q

developmental norms

A

standards by which the progress of a child’s development can be measured

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3
Q

areas of development

A

physical
cognitive
social
emotional

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4
Q

continuous development

A

gradual ongoing change throughout life

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5
Q

discontinuous development

A

specific stages with bursts of rapid development

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6
Q

nature vs nurture

A

whether our development is due mainly to genetics (hereditary) or the environment

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7
Q

maturation

A

preprogrammed developmental process.

orderly sequence of development of the NS and bodily structures

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8
Q

principle of readiness

A

unless the necessary physical maturation has occurred, no amount of practice will produce a particular mental process or behaviour

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9
Q

sensitive period

A

the period of time in which an organism is more responsive to certain stimulation

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10
Q

critical periods

A

narrow period of time where development in an animal is preprogrammed for learning to occur

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11
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of how environmental factors affect how genes are expressed

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12
Q

monozygotic twins

A

identical

zygote splits into two- 100% genetically identical twins

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13
Q

Dizygotic

A

non-identical

two eggs are released at the same time

share 50% of genes

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14
Q

criticism of twin studies

A

parents tend to treat identical twins more similarly than non identical twins

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15
Q

adoption studies

A

research using ppl who have been adopted, as well as their adoptive and biological parents, as participants

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16
Q

attachment

A

the emotional bond that forms between two people

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17
Q

characteristics of an attachment psss

A

proximity maintenance
safe haven
secure base
separation distress

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18
Q

secure attachment`

A

uses care-g as a base for exploration

shows signs of seperation anxiety, but easily soothed by care-g

60%

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19
Q

insecure avoidant attachment

A

20%
infant doesnt seek closeness with caregiver

when seperated, infant shows no signs of separation anxiety

infant ignores care-g upon return

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20
Q

causes of insecure avoidant attachment

A

neglect and/or abuse

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21
Q

insecure resistant attachment

A

infant appears anxious even in presence of care-g

extreme distress when care-g leaves

seeks care-g when reunited but difficult to soothe

12%

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22
Q

causes of insecure resistant attachment

A

care-g who are frequently unresponsive to infant’s needs

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23
Q

disorganised attachment

A

behaviour is inconsistent with patterns displayed in secure and insecure attachment and seemingly contradictory

eg responding to reunions with fearful behaviour
seeking contact with care-g upon reunion but moving very slowly

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24
Q

possible causes of disorganised attachment

A

hostile caregiving, care-g experiencing trauma or loss, post natal depression

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25
Q

long term impacts of secure attachment

A

think captain america
good self esteem, trusting relationships, comfortable expressing feelings

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26
Q

long term impacts of insecure attachment

A

anxiety, difficulty forming or maintaining relationships with others, difficulty expressing emotions

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27
Q

theory of attachment

A

bowlby and ainsworth

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28
Q

genetics- impacting attachment

A

bowlby suggests that infants are genetically pre-programmed to display attachment signals

eg crying, gazing, smiling

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29
Q

temperment

A

an individual’s characteristic way of reacting to people, objects and events

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30
Q

easy temperament

A

usually content and happy, regular feeding and sleeping habits, tolerant of frustration and comfort

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31
Q

difficult temperament

A

often irritable, irregular sleep and eating cycle, throws tantrums when frustrated

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32
Q

slow to warm up temperament

A

somewhat moody, moderately regular sleeping and eating cycles, cautious to new situations

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33
Q

who ran the monkey surrogate mother expiriment?

A

henry harlow

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34
Q

theorist of cognitive development

A

jean piaget

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35
Q

schema

A

basic building blocks of intelligent behaviours

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36
Q

action schemata

A

in born survival reflexes eg sucking and grasping, enabling infants to interact with others at birth???

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37
Q

adaption

A

the process by which we take in, organise and use new information

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38
Q

types of adaption

A

assimilation and accomodation

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39
Q

accomodation

A

updating current information or chemas

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40
Q

assimilation

A

new info

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41
Q

egocentrism

A

tendency to perceive the world solely from one’s own point of view

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42
Q

animism

A

belief that everything that exists has some kind of consciousness

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43
Q

centration

A

inability to focus on more than one feature of an object at a time

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44
Q

theorist of psychological development

A

erik erikson

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45
Q

psychological development

A

psychological processes which take place within an individual and their experiences with others

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46
Q

limitation of erikson

A

used case studies, not expiriments. lack of manipulation of variables in his environment

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47
Q

psychosocial crisis

A

a personal conflict an individual faces in adjusting to society

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47
Q

psychosocial crisis

A

personal conflict an individual faces in adjusting to society

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48
Q

stage 1

A

trust vs mistrust

0-18 mths

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49
Q

stage 2

A

18mths- 3 years

developing independence

autonomy vs shame and doubt

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50
Q

stage 3

A

initiative vs guilt\

3-5 years

imagination and play leads to independence

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51
Q

stage 4

A

5-12 years old

industry vs inferiority

develops social and academic skills

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52
Q

stage 5

A

identity vs role confusion

12-18

building identity

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53
Q

stage 6

A

intamacy vs isolation

18-25

seek lasting relationships

54
Q

stage 7

A

generativity vs degnation

25-65

guiding and establishing new generation

55
Q

stage 8

A

65+

integrity vs despair

feelings of reflection of what has been achieved in life

56
Q

approaches to describing normality

A

socio-cultural
functional
historical
medical
statistical
situational

57
Q

sociocultural approach to describing normality

A

t, f and b that are considered acceptable in a particular society

58
Q

eg sociocultural approach

A

burping, swearing, slurping soup

59
Q

functional approach

A

t, f and b are viewed as normal, so long as they don’t interfere with individuals living dependently

60
Q

eg functional

A

unhappiness vs depression

61
Q

historical approach

A

t,f and b that are considered acceptable depends on the period in time in which the judgement is being made

62
Q

historical approach eg

A

owning a slave, bathing suit indecency

63
Q

medical approach

A

t, f and behaviours may be considered abnormal if they have an underlying biological cause and can be diagnosed and treated

64
Q

eg medical approach

A

tremors- PD

65
Q

statistical approach

A

t, f, and b can be considered normal if they are shared by the large majority of the population

66
Q

eg statistical approach

A

iq

67
Q

situational approach

A

t, f and b that can be appropriate in some contexts but inappropriate in others

68
Q

eg situational

A

tackling person on footy field v on street

69
Q

typical behaviours

A

the usual actions of an indiv

70
Q

atypical behaviours

A

actions that are outside of character for an indiv

71
Q

adaptive behaviours

A

enable individuals to adjust to their environments appropriately and effectively

72
Q

maladaptive behaviours

A

interfere with the individs ability to adjust to the environment appropriately and effectively

73
Q

characteristics of a mental health disorder

A

-there is a clinically diagnosable dysfunction in t, f or b

it causes significant personal distress or disability in functioning in everyday life

actions and reactions are atypical of the person and inappropriate within their culture

it is not the result of a personal conflict with society

74
Q

mental health disorer

A

A3DNC

75
Q

addiction

A

recurring urge to use a substance or engage in an activity despite potentially harmful consequences

76
Q

addiction is characterised by

A

decreased self control
activation of brain’s reward system
withdrawal

77
Q

types of addiction and eg

A

substance related eg opiod, alcohol, hallucinogenic
non-substance related eg gambling, gaming

78
Q

symproms to have a gambling addiction

A

repeated attempts to stop, control or limit
restless when w/o gambling
gambles with increasing value in order to achieve desire
often preoccupied with gambling

79
Q

gambling disorder

A

persistant and recurring maladaptive gamnbling behaviour that disrupts personal, family of everyday activities

80
Q

types of stigma

A

social stigma

self-stigma

81
Q

social stigma

A

the negative attitudes and beliefs held in the wider community that lead ppl to fear, reject, avoid and discriminate against ppl with a mental disorder

82
Q

self- stigma

A

when an indiv accepts the negative views of others and applies it to themselves

83
Q

reseach on labelling- seeing things

A

rosenhan 1973

84
Q

rosenhan’s critisisms

A

hearing voices= sign of serious mental dysfunction that medical staff were obliged to take seriously

dx of ‘in remission’ is rare and indicates that medical staff recognised a lack of symptoms typical of schizophrenia

85
Q

categories of a mental health disorder

A

addiction disorders
anxiety disorders
mood disorders
personality disorders
psychotic disorders

86
Q

cognitive distortions

A

inaccurate t, f or attitudes that can lead to poor decision making

87
Q

eg cognitive distortions

A

illusion of control- eg lucky hat

gambler’s fallacy- eg five heads in a row must mean that there will be a tail next

88
Q

factors contributing to gambling disorder

A

biological- dop reward system

psychological- cognitive distortions (illusion of control )( gambler’s fallacy )

social- social acceptability of gambling

89
Q

Anxiety

A

A state of physiological arousal associated with feelings of apprehension worry or uneasiness that something is wrong or something unpleasant is about to happen

90
Q

Stress

A

Estate physiological and psychological arousal produced by internal or external stresses that are perceived by the individual is challenging or exceeding their ability or resources to cope

91
Q

Phobia

A

 excessive or unreasonable fear of particular object or situation the fear response is out of portion to the actual danger posed by the object or situation

92
Q

Fear versus anxiety

A

Fear is response to real and present threat to safety and well-being where is anxiety is their response to anticipated threat

93
Q

Types of anxiety disorders

A

Generalised anxiety disorder
panic disorder
specific phobia
social anxiety disorder
agoraphobia

94
Q

mood

A

overall feeling that colours perception of the world and influences how we go about daily life

“non-specific emotional state”

95
Q

mood disorders

A

involve a disabling disturbance in emotional state

96
Q

three types of mood disorder

A

mania
depression
hypomania

97
Q

depression

A

lasting and continuous deeply sad mood or loss of pleasure

98
Q

mania

A

elevated mood involving intense elation or irritability

99
Q

hypomania

A

extremely happy or irritated mood that is not as extreme as mania

100
Q

characteristics of a manic episode

A

talking excessively and rapidly
easily distracted
rapid changes in train of thought
obliviousness to negative consequences

101
Q

major depressive disorder

A

feeling sad most of the time or loss of pleasure most of the time (2 weeks)

102
Q

symptoms of major depressive disorder

A

irritable, sleep problems, difficulty concentrating

103
Q

bipolar 1 vs bipolar 2

A

b1- fluctuations b/w major depression + mania

b2- fluctuations b/w major depression + hypomania

104
Q

cyclothymia

A

mainc + depressive symptoms

over at least 2 years

105
Q

biological factors contributing to depression

A

genes

neurotransmitters

106
Q

psychological factors contributing to depression

A

stressful life events that impact everyday life

107
Q

social factors that contribute to depression

A

poverty
social stress (friction in relationships)
social isolation

108
Q

biological interventions for depression

A

antidepressants
diet and exercise

109
Q

psychological interventions for depression

A

meditation and mindfulness

110
Q

social interventions from depression

A

social support

111
Q

personality

A

a unique pattern of t, f and b that is relatively stable across time and in different situations

112
Q

personality disorder

A

inflexible and maladaptive personality characteristics that interfere with functioning or cause significant personal distress.

113
Q

characteristics of narcissistic personality disorder

A

exxag sense of self importance
overwhelming need for admiration from others
lack of empathy or intrest in others
extreme sensitivity to critisism

114
Q

characteristics of borderline personality disorder

A

ongoing impulsivity
intensive fluctuations in mood
frequent feelings of depression
emptiness and fear of abandonemnt

115
Q

narcissism made up eg

A

loki

116
Q

borderline personality disorder eg

A

anakin skywalker

117
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

disregard for right of others
irresponsibility
impulsive and aggressive behaviour,
shallow emotions,
lack of empathy and loyalty towards others

118
Q

eg antisocial personality disorder

A

geoffrey GOT (little blonde rat)

119
Q

biological factors contributing to antisocial PD

A

genes
brain structure - asscoiated with reduced frontal lobe activity as well as reduced limbic system functioning

120
Q

psychological factors involved in antisocial PD

A

emotional poverty- lack of empathy and trouble recoginising facial expressions

121
Q

social factors influencing antisocial PD

A

family environment- neglect or abuse
social modelling- learning antisocial behaviour from parents

122
Q

interventions

A

only in childhood and adolescence- pos reinforcing normal behaviour

123
Q

psychosis

A

a condition in which a person experiences a loss of contact with reality

124
Q

psychotic disorders

A

delusions, hallucinations, and disorgainsed thinking

125
Q

positive symptoms of psychotic disorders

A

experiences and b added to a persons normal daily functioning

126
Q

negative symptoms of psychotic disorders

A

removing something from a persons normal way of functioning

127
Q

eg positive symptoms of psychotic disorder

A

delusions and hallucinations, disorganised speech and grossly disorganised motor behviour

128
Q

negative symptoms of psychotic disorders eg

A

affective flattening- reduction in emotional intensity

alogia- decreased fluency of speech

anhedonia- decreased ability to express pleasure for normally enjoyable activities

129
Q

biological factors contributing to psychotic disorders

A

genes- activated by trauma in early stages of life and passed from mum to son

brain structure- schizophren associated w dec activity in prefrontal cortex and dec grey matter in brain

130
Q

psychological factors contributing to psychotic disorders

A

stress

cognitive impairments eg episodic memory- loss of personal identity

131
Q

two hit hypothesis

A

suggests that schizophernia is caused by two subsequential events-

biological vulnerability eg inheritance of schizophrenic gene

or

a major stressful life event eg abuse or trauma

132
Q

interventions for schizophrenia

A

antipsychotic medications

cognitive behavioural therapy

social support programs

psychology (6 decks)

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