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psychology > unit1 aos1- development > Flashcards

unit1 aos1- development Flashcards

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1
Q

Approaches over time to understanding the role of the brain

A

Brain versus heart debate
mind-body problem
phrenology

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2
Q

Brain versus heart debate - hypothesis

A

Brain hypothesis: thoughts and feelings are rooted in the brain

and vice versa for the heart

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3
Q

Phrenology

A

Phrenology explored the relationship between the skull surface features and an individuals personality characteristics

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4
Q

Brain ablation experiments

A

Involves disabling destroying or removing selected brain tissue followed by an assessment of subsequent changes in behaviour

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5
Q

First brain experiments

A

Brain ablation
electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)
split brain studies

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6
Q

Computerised tomography(CT)

A

Produces a computer enhanced image of a cross-section from x-rays taken it different angles

used to locate structural brain abnormalities

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7
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of CT

A

Adv- allows for comparison b/w normal and abnormal brain
relatively non-invasive
Disadv- only structure not function
not recommended for pregnant women as radiation could lead to damage to unborn child

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8
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

glucose (radioactive) is injected into bloodstream which travels to the brain and emits radioactive signals which are detected and processed by PET computer

different colours equal different energy levels
functional

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9
Q

Adventures and disadvantages of PET

A

Adv- easy to interpret colour levels
displays detailed images of a functioning brain
Disadv-requires injection
use of radioactivity = longitudinal studies can be dangerous
need 40 seconds to rest between each 30 seconds scanned which could lead to miss rapid changes in brain function

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10
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging MRI

A

Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to vibrate the brain’s neurons and produce an image

structural

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11
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of an MRI

A

Adv-clearer and more detailed than CT
not invasive
no x-rays or radiation involved
Disadv- only shows structure not function
cannot be used on people with internal metallic devices

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12
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI

A

alike MRI, but Detects changes in oxygen levels in blood to show level of functioning neurons ( function)

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13
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of an fMRI

A

Adv-no exposure to radiation
detailed images of brain functioning
structure and function
can detect if change in function in rapid succession
Disadv- same as MRI regarding metallic devices
expensive and limited access

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14
Q

Electroencephalograph EEG

A

Detects amplifies and records general patterns of electrical activity within the brain

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15
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of an EEG

A

Adv-provides overall info about brain without being invasive
used to study patterns of activity over a long length of time
shows different brainwaves for different activity and useful for studying hemispheric specialisation
Disadv- doesn’t provide detailed information regarding structure
difficult to pinpoint specific areas of activity
unable to distinguish a response from background noise neural activity
only provides a summary of neural activity

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16
Q

Draw the nervous system layout

A

NS
CNS PNS
brain spinal c. Autonomic. Somatic
Sympathetic parasympathetic sensory info voluntary
skeletal muscles

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17
Q

CNS

A

Contains brain and spinal cord

processes sensory info to activate appropriate actions

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18
Q

PNS

A

Consists of all the nerves outside the CNS

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19
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Transmit sensory info to the CNS and carries out it’s motor commands

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20
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Responsible for automatic responses

carries information to internal bodily structures e.g. heart the carry out basic life functions

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21
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Readies the body for fight or flight response when it’s exposed to threats

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22
Q

Examples of sympathetic nervous system responses

A

Slows digestion
increase heart rate
dilate pupils
Diverts blood from stomach to muscles

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23
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Supports more routine activities that maintain the body store of energy

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24
Q

Examples of parasympathetic nervous system function

A 
Heart rate lowers
 blood pressure lowers 
pupils constrict 
stop sweating 
digestion increases 
bladder control again
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25
Q

what are neurons?

A

cells that make up the NS.

they carry info in the form of an electrical impulse

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26
Q

draw and label a neuron

A 
dendrites 
soma
myelin sheath 
axon
axon terminals
terminal buttons/ synaptic knobs
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27
Q

sensory/ afferent neurons

A

sense the external world and monitor changes within our bodies
transmit info from sensory receptors to the brain

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28
Q

motor/efferent neurons

A

carry messages from CNS to the cells in skeletal muscles, organs and glands to stimulate activity

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29
Q

interneurons

A

act as a link b/w sens and mot neurons, relaying info from one neuron to another

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30
Q

glial cells

A

provide the structural framework that enables a network of neurons to remian connected

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31
Q

types of glial cells AMO-SS

A

CNS
astrocytes
microglia
oligodendroglia

PNS
schwann cells
satellite cells

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32
Q

brain areas memory cue

A

Hermoine Completes Maths Problems
Hindbrain- Cerebellum, Medulla, Pons

Muddlehead Ron
midbrain- RAS

Forgets How To Calculate
forebrain- hypo, thal, cerebrum

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33
Q

hindbrain

A

found at base of brain

contains Cerebellum, medulla and pons

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34
Q

medulla

A

controls reflexive functions vital for survival eg breathing pulse

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35
Q

damage to medulla

A

death

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36
Q

the pons

A

connects top on spinal cord to brain.

involved in sleep, dreaming and arousal.

has a bridge function b/w cerebrum and cerebellum

regulates respiratory system

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37
Q

damage to pons

A

locked in syndrome- body paralysed but functioning brain

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38
Q

cerebellum

A

coordination of fine muscle movement

relates to posture and balance. also plays a role in speech

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39
Q

damage to cerebellum

A

poor balance and coordination

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40
Q

midbrain

A

a collection of structures involved with movement, processing of sensory info, sleep and arousal

RAS and reticular formation

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41
Q

reticular formation

A

filters incoming sensory info

maintains consciousness, regulates arousal and muscle tension

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42
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

arousal.

attention

rapidly alerting cortical areas of the brain to significant changes in the environment

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43
Q

damage to RAS

A

coma, difficulties with attention, difficulties in sleep/ wake cycle

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44
Q

fore brain

A

controls and regulates higher order functions eg personality, learning perception and cognitive functions

hypothalamus
thalamus
cerebrum

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45
Q

hypothalamus

A

maintains bodies’ internal environment (homeostasis) eg body temp, thirst , hunger, sexual functioning

46
Q

damage to hypothal

A

eating problems (either over eat or starve)

47
Q

thalamus

A

filters and transfers sensory info ( except smell) to specialised area of the brain for processing.

48
Q

damage to thalamus

A

loss of any sense (except smell), attention difficulties b/c no filter, increased lethargy from difficulty sleeping

49
Q

cerebral cortex

A

top layer of cerebrum

receiving and processing sensory info and initiating motor responses

50
Q

contralateral functions

A

each hemisphere controls opposite side of the body

51
Q

left hemispere

A

logic, language, speaking ( broca and wernicke) and analytical thinking

52
Q

right hemisphere

A

spacial awareness, recognition of objects, creative aspects

53
Q

frontal lobe

A

high order functions eg decison making, planning, emotions, reasoning

54
Q

damage to frontal lobe

A

inability to express lang (Broca’s asphasia) changes in personality (Finneas Gage) and diff problem solving

55
Q

parietal lobe

A

processes sensory info, orientation. types of recognition and memory

56
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

recieves and processes sensory info from skin and body

57
Q

damage to parietal lobe

A

difficult. drawing objects, diff distinguishing left from right diff reading (alexia )

58
Q

occipital lobe

A

concerned with processing info from eyes including vision, colour, shape and perspective

59
Q

damage to occipital

A

diff identifying colours, hallucinatons, diff reading and writing

60
Q

temporal lobe

A

processes auditory info.

also involved in memory and encoding faces

61
Q

brocas area

A

production of clear and articulated speech

62
Q

wernickes area

A

comprehension of speech

63
Q

primary auditory cortex

left and right

A

l- involved in receiving and processing verbal auditory info eg lyrics to song

r- involved in receiving and processing non-verbal auditory info eg melody of a song

64
Q

damage to temp

A

impaired long term memory, persistant talking, diff recognising faces

65
Q

brocas aphasia

A

impairment in lang prodution or comprehension

brought about by neurological damage

speech is nonfluent but speech comprehension and perception is not affected

66
Q

Wernickes aphasias

A

defecits in comprehension of lang

speech is fluent but might not make sense to listeners of themselves

67
Q

stages of neural commuication

A

resting potential
threshold
depolarisation
repolarisation

68
Q

resting potential

A

sodium outside, pottassium inside, pos outside ,neg inside

SOPI PONI

-70mV

69
Q

threshold

A

-55mV

nuerotrans bind to receptor sites at dendrites -> all or nothing event

sodium channels open

70
Q

depolarisation

A

+30-+40mV

action potential -> sodium channels open which causes sodium to flood the cell.
as sodium is positive the inside of the neuron becomes positive

71
Q

repolarisation

A

potassium channels open, pot rushes out of cell which causes sod to be pumped out of the cell

72
Q

neural plasticity

A

the manner in which the brain changes in response to stimulation of the environment

73
Q

developmental plasticity

A

changes in the brain’s neural structure during its growth and development

74
Q

key processes in neural plasticity

A 
proliferation
migration
circuit formation
synaptic pruning- removal of unused neural connections
mylination- development of myelin
75
Q

frontal lobe development

A

ages 16-20

76
Q

sensitive period

A

period of time when an organism is more responsive to certain stimulus

77
Q

critical period

A

narrow period of time where development in an animal is preprogrammed for learning to occur

78
Q

adaptive plasticity

A

new synaptic connections are formed as a result of one or more of the following

brain injury, change in environmental conditions, learning new concepts

79
Q

key processes of adaptive plasticity

A

rerouting and sprouting

80
Q

rerouting

A

neurons near damaged area seek new connections with healthy neurons

81
Q

sprouting

A

new dendrites grow to enable new connections b/w neurons

82
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

a neurodegenerative disease in which neurons at the Substantia Nigara degenerate and gradually cease to function normally

83
Q

causes of parkinsons diease

A

decreased dop producting neurons in Substantia nigra

lack of dopamine-> tremors and difficulty initiating movement

84
Q

role of the basal ganglia

A

regulates movement

85
Q

motor symptoms of PD

A

muscle rigidity
difficulty balancing
stooped posture
tremors

86
Q

nonmotor symptoms of PD

A 
fatigue
constipation
increased sensitivity to temperature
decreased sense of smell
mental health problems eg depression
87
Q

treatment for PD

A

medication

88
Q

levodopa PD

A

chemical converted to dop by neurons

89
Q

deep brain stimulation

A

electrically stimulate Basal Ganglia

90
Q

two types of neurotr

A

excitatory

inhibitory

91
Q

glutamate

A

the major excitatory nt in the brain.

associated with cognition, memory, learning, behaviour, movement and sensations

92
Q

too much glutamate

A

abnormal neural development or neurodegenerative diseases eg parkinsons

93
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory- makes the post syn neuron less likely to fire.

slows neural transmissions

94
Q

lock and key process

A

specific

receptor sites are specially designed to only bind with certain neurotr

95
Q

agonists

A

substances that increase the release of neurotr or imitating their functioning making their effect of the post synaptic neuron more likely to occur

96
Q

antagonist

A

a substance that inhibits the relase of nuerotr or blocks receptor sites making it less likely to respond to a neurotra

97
Q

synaptogenesis

A

existing synapses are strengthened, moulded or new ones are formed

98
Q

during learning

A

glutamate is released into the presynaptic neuron

99
Q

hebbian learning

A

learning results from the creation of neural pathways

100
Q

hebbian learning quote

A

‘neurons that fire together, wire together’

101
Q

long term potentiation

A

long lasting strengthening of synaptic connections resulting in r more effective neurotransmission across the synapse making the post synaptic neuron more likely to fire.

102
Q

long term depreciation

A

process of a long lasting weakening of synaptic connections, in which the post syn neuron becomes less responsive to the info from the pre s neuron

103
Q

eg of agonist

A

morphene

104
Q

eg of antagonist

A

snake venom

105
Q

Flourens

A

Credited as introducing brain ablation experiments ​

Found evidence for neural plasticity

Limitations -Did not provide detailed reports of findings – issues surrounding reliability ​

106
Q

Lashley

A

Used brain ablation on rats, monkeys and chimpanzees to find the location of learning and memory in the brain. ​

mass action
equipotentiality

107
Q

mass action

A

large areas of the brain function as a whole for complex functions (if part of brain is destroyed , loss of function will depend on amount of destroyed cortex)​

108
Q

equipotentiality

A

healthy part of the cortex can take over the function of an injured part (plasticity) ​

109
Q

moniz

A

developed lobotomies

neg side effects=
Reduction in cognitive processes and behaviour. ​
Lack of emotional expression​
Reduction in interest and energy ​
Personalities appeared ‘dull’ and lifeless. ​

110
Q

microglia

A

immune cells of the cns

fight infection

respond to injury. ​

111
Q

oligodendroglia

A

produce myelin sheath of neurons in the CNS ​

psychology (6 decks)

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