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AP psych > Unit Zero Vocab > Flashcards

Unit Zero Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

The scienticfic study of behavior and mental processes

A

Psychology

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2
Q

A historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthly people

A

Humanistic Psychology

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3
Q

A scientific study of OBSERVABLE behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning

A

Behavioral Psychology

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4
Q

Hint; Genetic, neural, hormonal

The scientific study of the links between biological and psychological

A

Biological Psychology

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5
Q

The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

A

Cognitive Psychology

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6
Q

The study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection

A

Evolutionary Psychology

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7
Q

PAST

A branch of psychology that studies how the unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorder

A

Psychodynamic psychology

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8
Q

CULTURE

The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

A

Social-Culture psychology

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9
Q

An intergrated approach that incorparates biological, psychological, and socal-cultural levels of analysis

A

Biopsychsocial approach

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10
Q

shared beliefs, expectations, rules, values and behaviors that are considered typical, acceptables, or appropriate within a group or society

Why is this bad for reseachers?

A

Cultural Norms

Because reseacher can misinterpt behaviorsor the group they are reseachi

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11
Q

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Why is this bad for reseachers?

A

Confirmation Bias

Not looking at opposing evidence

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12
Q

I knew it all along!

The tenddency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

Why is this bad for reseachers?

A

Hindsight Bias

Getting wrong results

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13
Q

The tendency to be confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

Why is this bad for reseachers?

A

Overconfidence

Overestimate their knowledge and skip details and info

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14
Q

A testable prediction

A

Hypothesis

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15
Q

A theory or hypothesis is considered ____________ if it can be proven false through evidence.

A

Falsifiable

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16
Q

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a reseach study

A

Operational Definitions

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17
Q

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

A

Experimental group

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18
Q

In an experiment, the group NOT exposed to treatment

A

Control group

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19
Q

The experimental factor that is manipulated: variable being studied

A

Independent Variable

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20
Q

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations

A

Dependent Variable

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21
Q

A factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results

A

Confounding Variables

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22
Q

Results based on expectation of the treatment

A

Placebo

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23
Q

A procedure in which participants are unaware of the experimental conditions under which they are operating

A

Single-Blind

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24
Q

Drug evaluations

A procedure in which both the participants and the experiments interacting with them are unaware of the particular experimental conditions.

A

Double Blind

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25
Q

A subset of a population

A

Sample

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26
Q

All those in a group being studied, from which samples must be drawn

A

Population

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27
Q

The selection of study from a larger group in an unbiased way, such that the sample obtained accuratly reflects the total population

A

Representative Sample

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28
Q

A process for selecting a sample of study participants from a larger potential group of individuals, such that each person has the same fixed probability of being included in the sample

A

Random Sampling

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29
Q

Any process for selecting a sample of individuals or cases that is neither random nor systematic but rather is governed by chance or ready availability

A

Convenience Sampling

30
Q

To generalize from a few vivid, but unrepresentative cases
HANDPICKING

A

Sampling Bias

31
Q

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre exisiting differences between the different groups

A

Random assignment

32
Q

The extent to which results or findings obtained from a sample are applicable to a broader population

A

Generalizablilty

33
Q

The bias or tendency of individuals to present themselves in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others

A

Social Desirability Bias

34
Q

Referring to a variable, study, or analysis that involves a method of inquiry based on descriptive data without the use of numbers

A

Qualitative Data

35
Q

Involving the use of numerical measurement system to analyze data

A

Quantitative Data

36
Q

The evaluation of scientific or academic work, such as research or articles submitted to journals for publication, by other qualified professionals practicing in the same field

A

Peer Review

37
Q

Repeating the essence of a reseach study, usually with different participants in different situations

A

Replication

38
Q

ACCURATE

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

A

Validity

39
Q

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores

Ex: dipping a thermometer in water multiple times

A

Reliability

40
Q

_________contributes to a result. In non-experimental research, they are not manipulated or controlled

A

Variables

41
Q

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

A

Case Study

42
Q

A measure of the extent to which two variables change TOGETHER, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other

A

Correlation

43
Q

A quantitative technique that combines the results of multiple studies on the same topic to form a single, objective conclusion

A

Meta- Analysis

44
Q

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

A

Naturalistic Observation

45
Q

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

A

Experimental

46
Q

In correlation research, the situation in which it is known that two variables are related although it is not known which is the cause and which is the effect

A

Directionality Problem

47
Q

When two variables, a and b, are found to be postively and negatively correlated, it does not nessarily mean that one causes the other: It may be that changes in an unmeaured or unintened thir variable, c, are causing random and coincidental relationship between the two variables

A

Third Variable Problem

48
Q

A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or bahaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

A

Survey Technique

49
Q

People may not give answers that are fully correct either because they do not know the full answer or because they seek to make a good impression

A

Self Report Bias

50
Q

A committee named by an agency or institution to review reseach proposals originating within that agency for ethical acceptability and compliance with this organizations codes of conduct

A

Institutional Review Board

51
Q

An ethical prinicple that reseach participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

A

Informed consent

52
Q

An ethical principle that involoves obtaining agreement to participate in a study from particpants who are not leagally able to provide informed consent

A

Informed Assent

53
Q

An ethical principle that requires reseachers to protect and create safeguards fro participants from physical, mental, and/or emotional harm

A

Protection from Harm

54
Q

An ethical principle that requires reseachers to limit the disclosure of a participants identifiable information

A

Confidentiality

55
Q

Any distortion of or withholding of fact with the purpose of misleading others

A

Deception

56
Q

In an experimental situation, an aide of the experimenter who poses as a participant but whose behavior is rehearsed prior to the experiment

EX: an actor in an experiment

A

Research confederate

57
Q

The process of providing participants with a fuller explanation of the study, after it have been completed; including its purpose and any deceptions

A

Debriefing

58
Q

Adding the scores and then diving by the number of scores

A

Mean

59
Q

The middle score: half above, half below

A

Median

60
Q

The most frequent occuring number

A

Mode

61
Q

The differnece between the highest and lowest scores

A

Range

62
Q

A symetrical, bell-shaped curve that decribes the distribution of many types of data (68-95-98)

A

Normal curve

63
Q

The degree of variance or dispersion (spread) of values that is obtained for a specific variable

A

Variation

64
Q

The degree to which a set of scores, measurements, or other numbers are asymmetrically distruted around a central point

Think: about how a normal curve shifts

A

Skewness

65
Q

A set of scores with two peaks or modes around which values tend to cluster

A

Bimodel distribution

66
Q

A measure of the variability of a set of scores or values within a group, indicating how narrowly or broadly they deviate from the mean

A

Standard deviation

67
Q

A statistical measure used to indicate the relative standing of a score within a group

A

Percentile Rank

68
Q

The tendency for extremely high or low scores to fall back (closer to the mean) upon retesting over time

A

Regression Toward The Mean

69
Q

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables, The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship

A

Scatterplot

70
Q

A numerical index reflecting the degree of linear relationship between two variables. (-1, 0, 1)

A

Correlation Coefficient

71
Q

A statisticial measure of magnitude strength or meaningfulness of a relationship between two variable
(small >.2, medium .2-.5, large <.5)

A

Effect size

72
Q

a degree to which research outcome cannot be resonably be attributed to the operation of chance or random factors

A

Statitsical Significance

AP psych (2 decks)

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