Unit 2 Vocab Flashcards
The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
Perception
This is influenced by internal and external factors
Perception
Information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
Top-Down Processing
Your ability to make sense of typos and misspellings
whole –> individual
Top- Down processing
Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory integration
Bottom- Up processing
When someone is learning a new word for the first time, without any previous refreance points for the new word, this is what type of processing
Bottom- Up processing
A mental framework for organizing and understanding our world. ________ helps guide our perception. Basis for top-down processing.
Schemas
Experieneces help us form ________ to organize and interpret unfamiliar information to guide our perception
Schemas
A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
Perceptual Sets
this type of Gestalt principle, refers to the action taken by the brain to fill in missing pieces of information based on past experiences with the subject in question.
Example: an arrow with sides missing
Closure
This type of Gestalt principle refers to the human’s ability to visually differentiate between an object and its background.
Example: think of the vase picture that also has two faces
Figure-Ground
This type of Gestalt principle, describes how the human eye perceives elements that are close together as more related than elements that are further apart
Proximity
This type of Gestalt principle refers to the unconscious process of grouping sensory information with similar attributes.
Squares and circles
Similarity
Focused awareness of certain stimuli in the enviroment. We pay attention to what we deem important, and filter irrelevant or extraneous information
Selective Attention
Where people attend to metions of their names or specific topics in a loud or distracting enviroment
Cocktail Party Effect
Aspecfic type of ________, occurs when differences in the visual field are not perceived due to inattention or a brief interruption
Think about the monkey buisness video
Inattention bllindness or Inattention
A depth cue, such as retinal disparity and convergence that depends on the use of two eyes
Binocular depth cues
Determining depth based on how much both eyes rotate inwards
Convergence
Determining depth based on the difference between what each eye sees
Retinal Disparity
Hold your pencil out in front of you and close one eye. Now switch. See how the pencil appears to move. This is because of blank
Retinal Disparity
Use one eye to give the illusion of depth on flat or two dimensional surfaces
Monocular Depth cues
Objects that appear sharp, clear, and detailed are seen as closer than more hazy objects.
Relative Clarity
a perceptual clue which allows you to determine how close objects are to an object of known size
Relative Size
the progressively finer appearance of textures and surface grains of objects as the viewer moves away from them
Texture Gradient
a type of depth prompt that the human eye perceives when viewing two parallel lines that appear to meet at a distance.
Linear Perspective
a perceptual cue in which the distances of two separate objects are judged based on the fact that one object partially obscures or overlaps the other object.
interpostition
Visual perceptual constants maintain the perception of an object even when images of the object in the visual field change
Perceptual constancy
________can be visually perceived even when objects are not actually moving
Apparent Movement
Form the basis of thought. They are mental groupings based on features and come from experiences
Concepts
The ideal, typical, or best representative example of a natural concept. What quickly comes to mind, generic image that represents the typical example from your experience
Prototypes
Taking in new information but not changing the schema in light of it. Placing new information into an existing system
Assimilation
Taking in new information and changing the schema to incorperate the new information. Changing an existing schema or creating a new schema
Accommodation
A methodical, logical rule or step by step procedure. Provides accurate solutions when applied correctly, can be time consuming
Algorithms
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently, but does not guarantee a solution
Heuristics
Estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to prepresent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
Representative Heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availabilty in memory; if instance come readily in mind perhaps because of their vividness we presume such events are common
Availability Heuristic
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
Mental Set
The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus prediposing one’s perception, memory, or response
Priming
The way an issue is posed’ how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgements
Framing
A false belief that you can predict a chance event beased on past chance events
Gambler’s Fallacy
Cognitive processes that allow individuals to generate, organize, plan, and carry out goal-directed behaviors and critical thinking
Executive functions
A way of thinking that includes generating new ideas
Creativity
Generating or condsidering many different ideas or solutions to a problem, related to creativity because you break from normal problem solving and create unusual associations
Divergent Thinking
Using knowledge and logic to narrow down options to find the known solution or a single correct answer
Convergent Thinking
Failing to solve problem because you are stuck on the object’s common use. The more you use an object in its intended way, the harder it is to see new uses, you may become blind to potential uses
Functional Fixedness
The ability to retain information or represetation of past experience, based on the mental processes of learning and encoding, retention across some interval of time, and retrieval or reaction of the _________.
Memory
Declarative memories with conscious awareness
Explicit Memory
Memories specific to our unique personal experiences
Play by play memory
Episodic Memory
information we know, including specfic facts or conceptual understandings
ex: Who was the first President of the USA? Did you know…
Semantic Memory
Remembering to remember; memory of an intent to perform a specfic action
intent, I need to remember to get this or do my homework
Prospective Memory
Nondelcarative memories without conscious awareness
Implicit Memory
knowng how to do something
walking, biking etc
Procedural
learned associations that evoke emotional or phsiological responces
dog and the bell, that one guy that trained their dog to salivate at the sound of a bell
Classically Conditioned responces
Exposure to one thing unconsciously influences futute thoguhts or behaviors
Set up to think later on
People are more likely to think of salt when they see the word pepper if they were previously exposed to the phrase salt and pepper
Primed responses
A process by which synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with frequent activiation, is a biological process for memory
Long term potentiation
Contains limited information. Information there is only temporarily maintained. Used for many cognitive tasks (remebering, imagining, solving, learning, etc)
Working Memory
The ________________ examines how our primary memory engages in a dynamic interaction with several somponents, namely the central executive, phonological loop, and visuo-spatial sketch pad to process information into long term memory
Working Memory Model
This model proposes three interacting systems that information must apss through to be remembered. This model focuses on the impact of automatic effortful processing on memory encoding, storage and retrieval
Multi-Store Model
If we pay attention to it in our sensory memory we transfer it to our short term memory
Sensory Memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
Echoic Memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
eyeball
Iconic Memory
Temporary storage of information that we attend to from our sensory memory. Capacity number 7
Short Term Memory
The relative permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills and experiences
Long Term Memory
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency and well learned information such as word meanings
Automatic Processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effect
Effortful Processing
Process of getting information into the memory system- for example, by exrracting meaning
Encoding
The process of retaining encoded information over time
Storage
The process of getting information from our memory storage
Retrieval
leads to a less durable ( less long-lasting) memory
trying to remember something by repeating it over and over
Shallow Level Processing
leads to a more durable (longer-lasting) memory
applying a word, diagrams, paraphrasing, etc
Deep Level Processing
Encoding using the basic visual qualities of the word/concept (shallowest level)
how a word is spelled
Structral
encoding using the basic auditory (sound) qualities of the word/concept (shallow level)
how the word rhymes or sounds
Phonemic
Encoding the meaning of the word (deep level processing)
meaning and deeper level understanding
Sematic
techniques used to encode inforamtion in a way that aids in retrieval by connecting new inforamtion to something familiar
Mnemonic Devices
A mnemonic device that relies on spatial relationships between loci to encode and later retrieve information
Method of Loci
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice
Spacing Effect
The formation of long term memories from short term/ temporary one
Memory Consolidation
encoding processes can be affected the order of how information is presented, called ____________. This effect predicts that information presented at the beginning of a list or the end of list will be more memorable than information presented in the middle of a list
Serial Position Effect
Storage may be prolonged by reheasing information over time
phone number, address
Maintenance Rehearsal
Rehearsing information over time in ways that that promote meaning helps with memory retention
Elaborative Rehearsal
A person’s memory for episodes or experiences that occurred in their own life
Autobiographical Memory
Problem retrieving explict memories from long term to working memory.. AN event blocks or prevents retrival of old memories. Damage to some part of cortex
Retrograde Amnesia
Problem moving information from short term into long term memory. Difficultly encoding or inability to encode new memories. Hippocampus damage
Anterograde Amnesia
Alzheimer’s is a type of dementia that affects memory, thinking, and behavior. Symptoms eventually grow severe enough to interfere with daily tasks
Alzheimers Disease
The commonly experienced inability to recall event from early childhood
Infantile Amnesia
The setting help retrieval
Context Dependent
Those memory pathways are only active in the right state. Drugs, drinking, dreaming, etc
State-Dependent
Our emotion often influences which memory is retrieved
Mood Congruent
The more often you take a test or work with certain types of questions, the better you become
Testing Effect
Thinking about your own thinking
Metacognition
The forgetting curve shows that time is a significant factor in forgetting. Forgetting occurs rapidly after initial learnign and levels of overtime
Forgetting Curve
Associated with storing and retrieving information. Can you, or can’t you remember
Amnesia
Associated with processing information. Is what you are thinking of corrupted by information that was processed at a different time
Interference
New information corrupts, intertwines with, or blocks information that was processed at an earlier time
Retroactive Interference
Old information prevents, corrupts, or intertwines with current or recent information
Proactive interference
Information fails to be effectively transferred and stored in our memory system
Encoding failure
Inadequate retrieval. A state in which one cannot remember a familiar word but can recall words of similar meanings
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
Psychodynamic theorists believe that information or memories can be forgotten to defend the ego from distress
Repression
1.
Not remembering where or when you learned something
Source Amnesia
Occurs when misleading information has distored one’s memory of an event. This can lead to the creation of a false or distorted memory
Misinformation Effect
The use of general knowledge stored in one’s memory to construct a more complete and detailed account of a n event or experience by changing or filling in various features of the memory
Constructive Memory
The increased likelihood that a person will judge an event as having actually occured when they imagine the event before making such a judgement
Imagination Inflation
The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Intelligence
According to Spearman and others, it underlines all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
General intelligence
Intelligence is based on unrelated domain. It’s not about how smart you are, its how ARE you smart. Performance and ability are domain specific. It takes acquried skills and knowledge to demostrate talent
Multiple Intelligences
Defined orginally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100
Intelligence Quotient
A method for assessing an individuals mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
Intelligence Tests
The branch of psychology concerned with the quantification and measurement of mental attributes, behavior, performance
Psychometrics
Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
Standardized
How well a test predict future performance
Predictive Validity
How is the test made so that so that an abstract concept can be measured
Construct Validity
Testing with alternative forms of the test or retesting with the same test
Test Retest
Determined by dividing the total set of items relating to a construct of interest in halves and comparing the two results obtained from the two subsets
Split Half
The unconscious process of one’s performance being reduced to match what society believes
Stereotype threat
The unconscious process of one’s performance being improved to match what society believes
Stereotype Lift
The gradual cross cultural rise in raw scores obtained on measures of general intelligence
Flynn Effect
A test designed to assess what a person has learned
Achievement Tests
A test designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
Aptitude Tests
The belief that mental characteristics cannot be changed
Fixed mindset
The belief that mental characteristics can be changed
Growth mindset
