Unit One Part Two Vocab Flashcards
The scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal and psychological processes
Biological Psychology
A Circadian state characterized by partial or total suspension of consciousness, voluntary muscle stimulation. Other characteristics include unique sleep-related electoencephalogram and brain-imaging patterns. These characteristics help distingish normal sleep from a loss of consciousness due to brain injury, disease or drugs
Sleep
A condition of awareness of one’s surroundings, generally coupled with an ability to communicate with others or to signal understanding of what is being communicated by others. It is characterized by low-amplitude, irregular, fast wave electrical activity in the raw electroencephalogram
Wakefulness
Our biological clock: regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle
Circadian Rhythm
An example of this is Jet Lag: ________ results from traveling through several time zones in a short time span
Disruptions to Circadian Rhythm
________ occur as one enters initial Stage 1 sleep. They are bizarre experiences, such as jerking or feeling of falling or floating weightless, while transitioning to sleep
Hypnagogic Sensations
This is a very light sleep, our brain is still fairly active and responsive to sensations around us
NREM 1 or Stage 1
Alpha waves
NREM 1 or Stage 1
Light sleep, transitional sleep
NREM 2 or Stage 2
Theta Waves
NREM 2 or Stage 2
A deep sleep, heaviest sleep, slow waves, get shorter throughout the night
NREM 3 or Stage 3
Delta Waves
NREM 3
This stage contains night terrors, sleep walking, and sleep talking
NREM 3
During the ____________ stages of every cycle, we get deeper and deeper into our feeling of sleep. It is harder to wake us, it takes longer to get stimulation to wake us up. We are transitioning, lowering, and slowing down (Heart rate, blood pressure, temp)
NREM stages 1-3
Paradoxical sleep, dreams typically occur during ________. We are sound asleep but internally we are very awake- our brains are active, our internal systems are active too.
REM sleep
Gets longer throughout the night
REM sleep
Beta Waves
REM Sleep
Nightmare/bad dreams occur in this stage
REM Sleep
A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind
Dreaming
The increased occurence of REM sleep following REM sleep deprivation
REM Rebound
Dreams are the brain’s attempt to synthesize random neural activity. REM sleep triggers neural acivity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories
Activation Synthesis Dream Theory
Dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories
Consolidation Dream Theory
Sleep helps us organize, restore and rebuild our memories of the day’s experience
Memory Consolidation Theory of Sleep
Based on an evolutionary approach, sleep preserves energy and protects us
Energy Conservation Theory of Sleep
Many disorders interrupt healthy sleep, and their effects on waking behavior and health vary. ________ can affect physical and cognitive performance during wakefulness. Treating sleep disorders and following regular sleep schedules can improve waking performance and overall well-being
Sleep Disruption Effects
A persistant disturbance of typical sleep patterns (including amount, quality, and timing of sleep) or the chronic occurence of abnormal events or behavior during sleep
Sleep disorders
Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
Causes: Stress, genetics, lifestyles and Caffine
Symtoms: Tired, waking up too early, feeling depressed or cranky
Insomnia
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times
Narcolepsy
This sleep disorder in which you physically act out vivid, often unpleasent dreams with vocal sounds and sudden, often violent arms and leg movements during REM sleep
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
A sleep disorder charachterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
Sleep Apnea
HINT: SNORING
Also know as sleep walking, when people get up and walk around while asleep
Somnambulism
The sense of sight, in which the eye is the receptor and the stimulus is radiant energy in the visible spectrum
Vision
The light senseitive inner surface at the back of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information that is transduced to the brain for processing
Retina
The point at which the optic nerve leaves teh eye, creating a “____________” because no receptor cells are located there
Blindspot
The process by which the focus of the eye is changed to allow near or distant object form sharp images on the retina. When this process is altered, nearsightedness or farsightedness can occur
Accommodation
The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina. Visual stimuli are focused onto the retina by the ________ via a process called accommodation
Lens
Evidence of incomplete images captured by the retina is demostrated by the presence of the blindspot, where the visual nerve exits the eye. The brain fills in the gaps in the incomplete retinal images to perceive a relatively complete picture of the world
Incomplete Retinal Images
Also called Hyperopia, is a refractive error due to an abnoramlly short eyeball, which causes the image of close objects to be blurred because the focal point of one or both eyes lies behind, rather than on, the retina
Farsightedness
Also called Myopia a refractive error due to an abnormally long eye. The retinal image is blurred because the focal point of one or both eyes lies in front of, rather than on, the retina
Nearsightedness
Cells that lie in the periphery of the eye and dectect shapes and movemnt but not color.
Rods
The process by which he eye adjusts to conditions of high illumination, as occurs when a person exits a dark theaher into a sunny parking lot. it takes less than 10 minutes and involves the constriction of the pupil
Light adaptation
The theroy that opposing retinal processes(red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vison,
Opponent process color theory
The theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue- which, when stimulated, in combination, can produce the perception of any color
Trichromatic Color Theory
Photoreceptors cells located in the fovea of the eye that process color and detail are called ____________.
Cones (blue/Red)
________ result when certain ganglion cells in the retina are activated while others are not, The ganglion cells involved in this opponent process are red/green, blue/yellow and black/white
Afterimages
The only type of neuron in the retina that sends signals to the brain resulting from visual stimulation
Ganglion Cells
The central focus point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster (highest Acuity)
Fovea
Involves damage or irregularities to one or more cones or ganglion cells. Includes Dichromatism or monochromatism
Color deficiency
Partial color blindness
only two cones work
Red-green color blindness
Dichromatism
Partial color blindness
One cone works
one shade of color
Monochromatism
Face blindness
Prosopagnosia
Neuronlogical condition where someone can percive the location of the object despit being blind
Blindsight
Sounds occur through movement of air molecules at different wavelengths and amplitudes
Sound waves
The principle where an auditory nerve respond to one or another stimulus in a rapid succession of rythmic sound
Volley theory
The theory that (a) sounds of different frequencies stimulate different PLACES along the basilar membrane and (b) pitch is coded by the PLACE of maximal stimulation
Place theory
According to this theory, the wavelength of a tone is precisley replicate in the electrical impulses tranmitted through the auditiry nerve
Frequency Theory
How we identify where sounds in our enviroment are coming from
Sound Localization
Loss of hearing due to a disorder in the structures that transmit sound to the cochlea. Causes are injury or disease
Conduction Deafness
Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or the auditory nerves also called nerve deafness
Sensorineural Deafness
A chemical signal that is released outside the body by members of a species and that influences the behavior of the other memebers of the same species. Attracts mates
Pheromones
The senses receptive to chemical stiumlation particularly the senses of smell and taste
Chemical Senses
Structures in the nose and brain process and/or transduce stimuli. Smell is the only sense not process first in the thalamus of the brain
Olfactory system
The sense of taste, and the trypes of tastes include sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory), oleogustus.
Structures in the tongue, mouth, and brain process
Gustation
Lots and lots of taste buds
Supertasters
The chemical senses interact to create the sensation of taste. Without the sense of smell, taste sensation are either muted or not experienced
Sensory interaction
Structures in the skin and brain process and/or transduce touch stimuli. The sensation hot or pain
Touch- sturctures in skin
A gate is used to allow or stop pain
Gate control theory
The feeling that an amputated limb is still present, often manifested as a tingling or paniful sensation in the area or the missing limb
Phantom Limb syndrome
controls BALANCE
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
Vestibular Sense
filled with fluid and helps maintain balance
Semicircular Canals
bodies MOVEMENT/POSITION
Kinesthesis
THe process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our enviroment.
Sensation
The minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus
Threshold(Absoulte)
Convestion of one form of energy into another
Transduction
The minimum difference between two simuli required for detection
Just noticable Difference (difference threshold)
Diminished sensitivity as a aconsequence of constant stimulation (jewlery, clothing, hair)
Sensory adaptation
The principle that, to be perceived as differnet, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
Webers Law
one sense may influence another
Seneory interaction
stimulation of one sense generates a simultaneous sensation in another. listening to music –> color in head
one senes into another
Synesthesia
The ability of the eye to adjust to conditions of low illumination by means of an increased sesitivity to light. The bulk of the process takes 30 minutes and involves the expansion of the pupils
Dark adaptation
