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MT 6312 > UNIT X: WATER POLLUTION > Flashcards

UNIT X: WATER POLLUTION Flashcards

1
Q

Fundamentals of Environmental Health

A
  1. The Environmental System
    ○ Man-Environmental Relationship
  2. Principles of Environmental Control
  3. Areas of Environmental Health Concerns
  4. Emerging Environmental Health Problem
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2
Q

All the waters in the world:
Ocean - _____
Ice and Snow - ____
Groundwater - ____
Surface water - ____

A

97.6%
2.07%
0.33%
0.28%

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3
Q

Availability of Ground water in MCM

A

20,200

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4
Q

Availability of Surface water in MCM

A

125,790

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5
Q

Total Water Demand in MCM in 2025

A

62,660 - 86,543

1996 - 29,944

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6
Q

Water use in the Philippines

A

Agriculture - 85.6%
Industry - 7.3%
Domestic - 7.1%

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7
Q

BONUS: The Philippines is an archipelago that comprises ______ islands

A

7,641

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8
Q

% of provinces in the coastline zone

A

82%

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9
Q

Number of river systems in the Ph

A

421

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10
Q

Largest river in the Ph

A

Cagayan River

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11
Q

Number of natural lakes in the Ph

A

72

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12
Q

Largest lake in the Ph

A

Laguna De Bay

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13
Q

Lake that occupies a huge volcanic crater wherein high ______ content kills fish

A

Lake Taal; sulfur

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14
Q

Largest lake in Mindanao

A

Lake Lanao

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15
Q

Examples of wetlands in the Ph

A

Agusan Marsh (contains methane deposits)
Candaba Swamp

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16
Q

14% of total water resource potential

A

Groundwater

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17
Q

% of the population use groundwater for
drinking

A

50%

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18
Q

Groundwater extraction is regulated by

A

National Water Resources Board (NWRB)

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19
Q

Average tropical cyclones in the Ph per year

A

11

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20
Q

Households with access to safe water supply

A

10,817,911 (78.3%)

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21
Q

Households with sanitary toilet

A

9,649,470 (69.3%)

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22
Q

Algal blooms would indicate dead materials and increased __________ in water, which would increase the number of plants. The plants use the __________, so there is none
left for the fishes.

A

Phosphates; Oxygen

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23
Q

Four of the major river systems in Metro Manila are

A

biologically dead

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24
Q

Out of the 421 rivers in the country ___ rivers were polluted and ___ were biologically dead

A

50; 16

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25
Q

Critical Areas

A

Metro Manila, Southern Tagalog, and Central Luzon

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26
Q

Pasig River drains to

A

Laguna De Bay
Manila Bay

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27
Q

When the depth of Laguna Lake shallows, ______ is collected

A

silt

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28
Q

Laguna Lake is the biggest freshwater supply in _______ and ___________

A

Manila; Region IV-A

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29
Q

Meaning of BOD

A

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

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30
Q

58% of groundwater sampled is contaminated with _______ __________

A

fecal coliform

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31
Q

Bacteria that are only present in the gastric intestinal tract of chickens

A

Salmonella

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32
Q

Water-related diseases

A

Water-borne
Water-washed
Water-based
Water-insect related

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33
Q

Principles of Environmental Control

A

Isolation
Substitution
Shielding

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34
Q

Separation by distance

A

Isolation

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34
Q

Use of barrier

A

Shielding

34
Q

Use of alternative materials

A

Substitution

35
Q

Prevention against water-based diseases

A

Restriction of activities
Immunization
Prophylactic agents

36
Q

Water treatment

A

Destruction
Conversion
Removal of harmful substance
Dispersion and dilution

37
Q

Natural way to replenish the groundwater and drinking water

A

Natural water cycle

38
Q

Water classification

A

Class AA
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D

39
Q

Intended for waters having watersheds that are uninhabited and otherwise protected, which require only approved disinfection in order to meet the PNSDW.

A

Class AA - Public Water Supply Class I

40
Q

For sources of water supply that will require complete treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection) in order to meet the PNSDW.

A

Class A - Public Water Supply Class II

41
Q

Meaning of PNSDW

A

Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water

42
Q

For primary contact recreation such as bathing, swimming, diving, etc. (particularly designed for tourism purposes).

A

Class B - Recreational Water Class I

43
Q

For propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources; boating, swimming, etc.; For manufacturing processes after treatment

A

Class C - Fishery Water, Recreational Water Class II, Industrial Water Supply Class II

44
Q

For agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering, etc.; cooling; others

A

Class D - Agriculture, Industrial Water Supply Class II, Other Inland Waters

45
Q

Water Supply Level of Service

A

Level 1 (Point Source)
Level 2 (Communal Faucet System)
Level 3 (Individual Household Connection)

46
Q

a protected well or a developed spring with an outlet but without a distribution system
Generally for rural areas where houses are
scattered too thinly to justify a distribution
system
1 Facility per 15 households

A

Level 1 (Point Source)

47
Q

a system composed of a source, a reservoir, a piped distribution network, and communal faucets.
Generally for rural areas where houses are clustered
4 to 6 households per faucet

A

Level 2 (Communal Faucet System)

48
Q

Enough water supply to be distributed which comes from water tanks.

A

Level 2 (Communal Faucet System)

49
Q

a system with a source, a reservoir, a piped
distribution network, and household taps.
Consists of a reservoir and pipe distribution
network
Generally for high-density built-up areas
City-based
One or more faucets per household

A

Level 3 (Individual household connection)

50
Q

Physical Problems in Water Supply

A

Turbidity
Color
Odor
Taste

51
Q

Chemical Problems in Water Supply

A

Hardness (Ca & Mg)
Chloride
Iron

52
Q

Problems in Water Supply

A

Bacteria
Virus
Parasites
Microscopic Plants

53
Q

Provide basis for protecting public health from adverse e ects of water pollution and for
eliminating or reducing contaminants in water
Provide information and guidance in making
management decisions
Provide standard values for biological,
bacteriological, physical, and chemical quality
Prescribes requirements for analysis for determining the various constituents present in water

A

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER, 2007

DOH ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 2007 - 0012

54
Q

Water that is free of microorganisms (fecal coliform) or disease-producing bacteria (fecal parasites) and with acceptable chemical properties, taste, odor, color.

A

Safe Drinking Water

55
Q

Microbiological Indicators

A

● Fecal indicator organisms
● Coliform bacteria
○ Total coliform
○ E. coli
○ Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC)

56
Q

Chemical quality of water supply affects _________ (whether we can drink or not)

A

potability

57
Q

Sources of chemical constituents

A

Naturally occurring
Industrial sources and human dwellings
Agricultural activities
Water treatment or materials in contact
Pesticides
Cyanobacteria

58
Q

Organic chemical constituents like benzene and PAHs are __________

A

mutagens/carcinogens

59
Q

Regulated pesticide due to its harmful effects to humans

A

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)

60
Q

associated with naturally occurring radionuclides

A

Radiological health risks

61
Q

T or F: Groundwater in the Philippines is contaminated with radioactive materials.

A

F

NOT

62
Q

Primary uses of water

A

Drinking
Washing
Manufacturing
Food preparation
Bathing

63
Q

Secondary uses of water

A

Fight fires
Sprinkle street
Carry wastes

64
Q

Tertiary uses of water

A

Shellfish culture
Recreation
Navigation
Power
Irrigation
Fishing

65
Q

Sources of Wastewater

A

● Domestic Sources
● Industrial Sources
● Storm Water
○ Human waste, laundry and kitchen washings, cleansing activities
● Agricultural Runoff

66
Q

Occurs when the pathogen is in water which is drunk (cause of gastrointestinal diseases) by a person which may then become infected

+ give examples

A

Water-borne diseases

cholera; typhoid

67
Q

A disease whose transmission will be reduced following an increase in the volume of water used for hygienic purposes, irrespective of the quality type of the water.

+give examples

A

Water-washed diseases

Diarrhea and Scabies

68
Q

T or F: Water-washed means that there is a safe quality of water but an insuffi cient amount to wash o the disease.

A

T

69
Q

3 Main types of WWD

A

Infection:
Intestinal Tract
Skin and Eyes
Carried by Lice

70
Q

Disease due to infection by parasitic worms which depend on aquatic intermediate hosts to complete their cycle

+give examples

A

Water-based diseases

schistosomiasis; fasciolopsiasis

71
Q

Diseases transmitted by insects which either breed in water or bite near water, malaria, dengue and yellow fever.

+give an example

A

Water-related insect diseases

Dengue

72
Q

Common Treatment Processes

A

Dissolved Impurities
Suspended Impurities
Living Matters
Gasses

73
Q

exposing the water in thin films
or droplets to the oxygen of the atmosphere

A

aeration

74
Q

High surface area that allows adsorption

A

Activated charcoal

75
Q

Composition of wastewater

A

99.99% liquid
0.01% solid

76
Q

● Non-latent, unable to multiply, low infective dose
● Viruses, protozoa, enterobius, hymenolepis
● Transmission foci: domestic, personal
contamination
● Control: improve domestic water supply, health
education, improved housing

A

Category I

77
Q

● Non-latent, medium to high infective dose, moderately persistent, able to multiply
● All bacteria
● Transmission foci: category I, water and crop
contamination
● Control: category I, e ective treatment prior to
discharge or reuse of excreta

A

Category II

78
Q

● Latent, very persistent, no multiplication, no intermediate host
● Geohelminths: ascaris, trichuris, hookworm, strongyloides
● Transmission foci: yard, field and crop contamination
● Control: treatment before land application, provision of toilets

A

Category III

79
Q

● Latent, persistent, intermediate host(cow or pig)
● Transmission foci: yard, field and fodder
contamination
● Control: provision of toilets, treatment before land
application, thorough cooking, meat inspection

A

Category IV

80
Q

● Latent, persistent, able to multiply, one or more intermediate aquatic hosts
● All water based
● Helminths: schistosomiasis, clonorchiasis, fasciolopsiasis
● Transmission foci: contaminated water
● Control: provision of toilets, treatment before discharge, control of snails, cook fish and aquatic vegetation

A

Category V

81
Q

● Insect-related diseases - diseases transmitted by mosquitoes which preferentially breed in polluted water

A

Category VI

82
Q

Act of getting rid of sewage by any method. It may be done with or without previous treatment of the sewage

A

Sewage Disposal

83
Q

3 categories of sewer systems

A

Settled
Simplified
Conventional

MT 6312 (8 decks)

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