UNIT X: WATER POLLUTION Flashcards
Fundamentals of Environmental Health
- The Environmental System
○ Man-Environmental Relationship - Principles of Environmental Control
- Areas of Environmental Health Concerns
- Emerging Environmental Health Problem
All the waters in the world:
Ocean - _____
Ice and Snow - ____
Groundwater - ____
Surface water - ____
97.6%
2.07%
0.33%
0.28%
Availability of Ground water in MCM
20,200
Availability of Surface water in MCM
125,790
Total Water Demand in MCM in 2025
62,660 - 86,543
1996 - 29,944
Water use in the Philippines
Agriculture - 85.6%
Industry - 7.3%
Domestic - 7.1%
BONUS: The Philippines is an archipelago that comprises ______ islands
7,641
% of provinces in the coastline zone
82%
Number of river systems in the Ph
421
Largest river in the Ph
Cagayan River
Number of natural lakes in the Ph
72
Largest lake in the Ph
Laguna De Bay
Lake that occupies a huge volcanic crater wherein high ______ content kills fish
Lake Taal; sulfur
Largest lake in Mindanao
Lake Lanao
Examples of wetlands in the Ph
Agusan Marsh (contains methane deposits)
Candaba Swamp
14% of total water resource potential
Groundwater
% of the population use groundwater for
drinking
50%
Groundwater extraction is regulated by
National Water Resources Board (NWRB)
Average tropical cyclones in the Ph per year
11
Households with access to safe water supply
10,817,911 (78.3%)
Households with sanitary toilet
9,649,470 (69.3%)
Algal blooms would indicate dead materials and increased __________ in water, which would increase the number of plants. The plants use the __________, so there is none
left for the fishes.
Phosphates; Oxygen
Four of the major river systems in Metro Manila are
biologically dead
Out of the 421 rivers in the country ___ rivers were polluted and ___ were biologically dead
50; 16
Critical Areas
Metro Manila, Southern Tagalog, and Central Luzon
Pasig River drains to
Laguna De Bay
Manila Bay
When the depth of Laguna Lake shallows, ______ is collected
silt
Laguna Lake is the biggest freshwater supply in _______ and ___________
Manila; Region IV-A
Meaning of BOD
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
58% of groundwater sampled is contaminated with _______ __________
fecal coliform
Bacteria that are only present in the gastric intestinal tract of chickens
Salmonella
Water-related diseases
Water-borne
Water-washed
Water-based
Water-insect related
Principles of Environmental Control
Isolation
Substitution
Shielding
Separation by distance
Isolation
Use of barrier
Shielding
Use of alternative materials
Substitution
Prevention against water-based diseases
Restriction of activities
Immunization
Prophylactic agents
Water treatment
Destruction
Conversion
Removal of harmful substance
Dispersion and dilution
Natural way to replenish the groundwater and drinking water
Natural water cycle
Water classification
Class AA
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Intended for waters having watersheds that are uninhabited and otherwise protected, which require only approved disinfection in order to meet the PNSDW.
Class AA - Public Water Supply Class I
For sources of water supply that will require complete treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection) in order to meet the PNSDW.
Class A - Public Water Supply Class II
Meaning of PNSDW
Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water
For primary contact recreation such as bathing, swimming, diving, etc. (particularly designed for tourism purposes).
Class B - Recreational Water Class I
For propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources; boating, swimming, etc.; For manufacturing processes after treatment
Class C - Fishery Water, Recreational Water Class II, Industrial Water Supply Class II
For agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering, etc.; cooling; others
Class D - Agriculture, Industrial Water Supply Class II, Other Inland Waters
Water Supply Level of Service
Level 1 (Point Source)
Level 2 (Communal Faucet System)
Level 3 (Individual Household Connection)
a protected well or a developed spring with an outlet but without a distribution system
Generally for rural areas where houses are
scattered too thinly to justify a distribution
system
1 Facility per 15 households
Level 1 (Point Source)
a system composed of a source, a reservoir, a piped distribution network, and communal faucets.
Generally for rural areas where houses are clustered
4 to 6 households per faucet
Level 2 (Communal Faucet System)
Enough water supply to be distributed which comes from water tanks.
Level 2 (Communal Faucet System)
a system with a source, a reservoir, a piped
distribution network, and household taps.
Consists of a reservoir and pipe distribution
network
Generally for high-density built-up areas
City-based
One or more faucets per household
Level 3 (Individual household connection)
Physical Problems in Water Supply
Turbidity
Color
Odor
Taste
Chemical Problems in Water Supply
Hardness (Ca & Mg)
Chloride
Iron
Problems in Water Supply
Bacteria
Virus
Parasites
Microscopic Plants
Provide basis for protecting public health from adverse e ects of water pollution and for
eliminating or reducing contaminants in water
Provide information and guidance in making
management decisions
Provide standard values for biological,
bacteriological, physical, and chemical quality
Prescribes requirements for analysis for determining the various constituents present in water
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER, 2007
DOH ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 2007 - 0012
Water that is free of microorganisms (fecal coliform) or disease-producing bacteria (fecal parasites) and with acceptable chemical properties, taste, odor, color.
Safe Drinking Water
Microbiological Indicators
● Fecal indicator organisms
● Coliform bacteria
○ Total coliform
○ E. coli
○ Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC)
Chemical quality of water supply affects _________ (whether we can drink or not)
potability
Sources of chemical constituents
Naturally occurring
Industrial sources and human dwellings
Agricultural activities
Water treatment or materials in contact
Pesticides
Cyanobacteria
Organic chemical constituents like benzene and PAHs are __________
mutagens/carcinogens
Regulated pesticide due to its harmful effects to humans
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
associated with naturally occurring radionuclides
Radiological health risks
T or F: Groundwater in the Philippines is contaminated with radioactive materials.
F
NOT
Primary uses of water
Drinking
Washing
Manufacturing
Food preparation
Bathing
Secondary uses of water
Fight fires
Sprinkle street
Carry wastes
Tertiary uses of water
Shellfish culture
Recreation
Navigation
Power
Irrigation
Fishing
Sources of Wastewater
● Domestic Sources
● Industrial Sources
● Storm Water
○ Human waste, laundry and kitchen washings, cleansing activities
● Agricultural Runoff
Occurs when the pathogen is in water which is drunk (cause of gastrointestinal diseases) by a person which may then become infected
+ give examples
Water-borne diseases
cholera; typhoid
A disease whose transmission will be reduced following an increase in the volume of water used for hygienic purposes, irrespective of the quality type of the water.
+give examples
Water-washed diseases
Diarrhea and Scabies
T or F: Water-washed means that there is a safe quality of water but an insuffi cient amount to wash o the disease.
T
3 Main types of WWD
Infection:
Intestinal Tract
Skin and Eyes
Carried by Lice
Disease due to infection by parasitic worms which depend on aquatic intermediate hosts to complete their cycle
+give examples
Water-based diseases
schistosomiasis; fasciolopsiasis
Diseases transmitted by insects which either breed in water or bite near water, malaria, dengue and yellow fever.
+give an example
Water-related insect diseases
Dengue
Common Treatment Processes
Dissolved Impurities
Suspended Impurities
Living Matters
Gasses
exposing the water in thin films
or droplets to the oxygen of the atmosphere
aeration
High surface area that allows adsorption
Activated charcoal
Composition of wastewater
99.99% liquid
0.01% solid
● Non-latent, unable to multiply, low infective dose
● Viruses, protozoa, enterobius, hymenolepis
● Transmission foci: domestic, personal
contamination
● Control: improve domestic water supply, health
education, improved housing
Category I
● Non-latent, medium to high infective dose, moderately persistent, able to multiply
● All bacteria
● Transmission foci: category I, water and crop
contamination
● Control: category I, e ective treatment prior to
discharge or reuse of excreta
Category II
● Latent, very persistent, no multiplication, no intermediate host
● Geohelminths: ascaris, trichuris, hookworm, strongyloides
● Transmission foci: yard, field and crop contamination
● Control: treatment before land application, provision of toilets
Category III
● Latent, persistent, intermediate host(cow or pig)
● Transmission foci: yard, field and fodder
contamination
● Control: provision of toilets, treatment before land
application, thorough cooking, meat inspection
Category IV
● Latent, persistent, able to multiply, one or more intermediate aquatic hosts
● All water based
● Helminths: schistosomiasis, clonorchiasis, fasciolopsiasis
● Transmission foci: contaminated water
● Control: provision of toilets, treatment before discharge, control of snails, cook fish and aquatic vegetation
Category V
● Insect-related diseases - diseases transmitted by mosquitoes which preferentially breed in polluted water
Category VI
Act of getting rid of sewage by any method. It may be done with or without previous treatment of the sewage
Sewage Disposal
3 categories of sewer systems
Settled
Simplified
Conventional
