UNIT 3 LEC: COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Flashcards
4 general categories of infectious pathogens
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasite
Virus
HIV contains genetic material and the tiny bits of _____ & ______ they get from the body.
proteins; lipids
Botulism
Food-and-Water-Borne Disease
Campylobacteriosis
Food-and-Water-Borne Disease
Listeriosis
Food-and-Water-Borne Disease
Brucellosis
Zoonoses and Vector Borne
Legionellosis
Airborne disease
Diphtheria
Diseases
Preventable by
Vaccination
Pertussis
Diseases
Preventable by
Vaccination
is a condition that results when a microbe can
invade the body, multiply, and cause injury or
disease.
Infection
is something caused by a pathogen.
Something that invades the body and multiplies
causing injury or disease in the individual.
Infection
Some pathogenic microbes cause infections
that are communicable
Communicable Pathogens
T or F: All communicable diseases are infectious. On
the other hand, not all infectious diseases are
communicable.
T
microbe that can cause disease
True Pathogen
These are organisms that can become
pathogenic once host immunity is low/is present
in body location that is unusual for the microbe
to be present
Opportunistic Pathogen
Microbe that is normally present in body
locations; not usually causing infection
Microbiota/Normal Flora
In-charge with the investigation and control of
various diseases, especially those that are
communicable and have epidemic potential
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CDC is an agency of the
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
The basis for cultures of the microorganism being
the gold standard in the diagnosis.
Robert Koch’s Postulate
ET factor: genetics, sex, age, immunity,
vaccination, etc.
Host
ET factor: virulence, pathogenicity, genetics,
resistance
Agent
ET factor: clean flowing
streams, oxygenated water, shady environment, salt
water
Environmental
The chain of infection highlights the importance of (3 components)
Portal of entry
Portal of exit
Mode of transmission
CoI: ______ is a virus, bacterium, or parasite that
causes the disease in humans.
Pathogen
CoI: ______ is a place where the pathogen lives
and multiplies.
Reservoir
CoI: ________ is the method an
infectious agent uses to travel from a reservoir
to a susceptible individual.
Mode of transmission
CoI: Body part where the pathogen can lodge/enter the
host
Entry pathway
CoI: Person with low/altered immunity that receives the
pathogen
Susceptible host
CoI: ______ is a way an infectious agent is able
to leave a reservoir host.
Exit pathway
Vaccine is an example of ______ immunity
artificial
MOT: Exposure of infected body fluids such as blood or saliva
Direct contact
MOT: Pathogens remain on surfaces that were in contact
with an infected person
Indirect contact
MOT: Infectious agents are found in contaminated food
and water that are ingested
Food and Water Borne
MOT: Pathogens are spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes
Airborne
MOT: Infectious agents are usually transmitted through a
bite of an infected insect carrying the infective
agents of the organisms
Vector borne
Caused by apicomplexan parasites of the genus
Plasmodium
Malaria (bad air)
Two life cycles of malaria vector (enumerate and identify)
Erythrocytic; Exoerythrocytic
Female Anopheles Mosquito
Medically important species of Plasmodium
falciparum 60.8%
vivax 14.1%
ovale 3.7%
malariae 2.5%
undetermined 16.6%
mixed 2.3%
Plasmodium species with CNS involvement
P. falciparum
Plasmodium species with global endemicity
P. malariae
Plasmodium stages in man
Schizont
Trophozoite
Gametocyte
Plasmodium stages in mosquito
Zygote
Ookinete
Oocyst
Sporozoite
Malaria can be prevented by use of _______ _______ and use of protection measures against
mosquito bites.
antimalarial drugs
Malaria prevention for individuals
mosquito repellants
Can also be used for mosquito-treated nets
which is employed in Africa and in the
Philippines
N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET)
Model for vector control
Swiss Cheese Model
ABCDE of Swiss Cheese Model
Awareness
Bite prevention
Chemoprophylaxis
Diagnosis
Emergency kits
DOH projects for vector control
Mag 4s Tayo!
4 o’clock habit
Dengue poses _________ effects
cumulative
Also known as the Forgotten Pandemic
Cholera
One of the longer occurring pandemics or epidemics
Cholera
Cholera bacteria
Vibrio cholerae
Year of John Snow’s work on cholera
1853-1854
_______ is an acute diarrheal disease that can kill
within hours if left untreated.
Cholera
Up to 80% of cholera cases can be successfully treated with
oral rehydration solution (ORS)
V. cholerae in the feces can be contagious for up to _____ days
14
More common cause of cholera in the Philippines
Vibrio cholerae O139
Shepherd’s crook morphology, ”U” or “6” shape
Ebola
Related families of ebola
Bundibugyo v
Sudan v
Tai forest v
Zaire v
Reston v
Filovirus
Family of Ebola that causes disease in primates
Reston virus
highly virulent and require maximum
containment facilities for laboratory work: Biosafety
Level 4
Filovirus
Natural/reservoir host of Ebola
Bats (fruit bats)
Human consumption of ________ has been linked
to animal-to-human transmission of Ebola
bushmeat
zoonotic/zootic: replicating within the species where they
are originally found; natural reservoir
zoonotic
zoonotic/zootic: outside the natural cycle or accidental
zootic
Immunosuppressive family of Ebola
Filovirus
MOT of Ebola
direct contact w/ blood or other body fluids
According to WHO, only people who are very sick are
able to spread Ebola disease in saliva and through _________
large droplets
___% of the cases of Ebola infections in Guinea
during the 2014 outbreak are believed to have
been contracted via unprotected contacts with
infected corpses during Guinean burial rituals.
69
Highest mortality rate of all the viral hemorrhagic fevers: 25-90%
Ebola hemorrhagic fever
The largest outbreak to date was the Ebola virus
epidemic in ____ ______, which caused a large
number of deaths in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and
Liberia.
West Africa
the first known outbreak of EVD
Sudan Outbreak
second outbreak of EVD
Zaire Outbreak
Ebola Diagnosis
ELISA
RT-PCR
Electron Microscopy
Virus Isolation by Cell Culture
Experimental Ebola vaccine:
rVSV-ZEBOV
Returning travelers and healthcare workers
should follow local policies for surveillance and
monitor their health for ___ days
21
are infections that have newly appeared in a
population or have existed previously but are rapidly
increasing in incidence or geographic range.
Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs)
Examples of reemerging diseases
chikungunya
influenza
Ebola
are diseases that reappear
after they have been on a significant decline
Reemerging diseases
Rises due to vaccine reluctance
Polio
Reemergence may happen because of
a breakdown in pubhealth measures
new strains of known disease
with the indiscriminate
use of antibiotics, we have now allowed the
return of diseases that were once treatable and
controllable
Antibiotic resistance
are spread predominantly by unprotected sexual contact.
Sexually transmitted infections
Transmission during pregnancy
Vertical transmission
Bacterium in vaginal canal
Streptococcus agalactiae
T or F: STIs are associated with stigma, domestic violence.
T
T or F: The majority of STIs have no symptoms.
T
T or F: STIs such as trichomonas, chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis are curable
T
Rapidly increasing _______ _________ is a growing threat for untreatable gonorrhea.
antimicrobial resistance
drug for gonorrhea
Penicillin
Many STDs are (more easily) transmitted through
(breaks or tears of) ______ _________
mucous membranes
other term for sexual fluids
Venereal fluids
primary sources of STIs (in order)
venereal fluids
saliva
mucosal or skin
feces, urine. and sweat
Risk is a product of _____ & ________
time; exposure
there
is no transmission amongst individuals who
have ___________ viral load
undetectable
Is a virus that attacks cells that help the
body fight infection.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
mechanism to
transform RNA back to DNA
Reverse transcriptase of retrovirus
curable/treatable: HIV
treatable
HIV Stages
- Acute HIV Infection
- Chronic HIV Infection
- AIDS
People have a large amount of HIV in their blood
and very contagious
Stage 1
swelling of lymph nodes; stage 1 symptom
lymphadenopathy
HIV stage with flu-like symptoms
Stage 1
Stage 2 is also called
asymptomatic HIV infection
or clinical latency
stage of no physical set off, but the cells are already targeted
Latency
Stage wherein HIV is still active and continues to produce in the
body
Stage 2
WIthout HIV treatment, stage 2 may last _____, or may progress faster.
a decade or longer
The most severe stage of HIV infection
Stage 3
People with _____ can have a high viral load and may
easily transmit HIV to others
AIDS
WIthout HIV treatment, people with AIDS typically
survive around ___ years
3
Part of the immune system; important in resolving simple infections
CD4 Cells
Loss of these cells makes it hard for the body to fight
off infections
CD4 cells
Attacks immune system in humans
HIV
A symptom of untreated HIV involves having
recurrent infections
T or F: It is not the (HIV) virus itself that kills, but the loss of immunity.
T
can prevent HIV from
spreading, and prevent HIV from advancing to AIDS.
Antiretroviral Treatment (ART)
HIV is not transmitted via
sharing of food, drink, and utensils
insect bites
kiss, touch
clothes, towels
fomites
toilet, shower
HIV Transmission %: Use of non-sterile syringe and tools
10
HIV Transmission %: Pregnancy breastfeeding
10
HIV Transmission %: Blood tansfusion
5%
HIV Transmission %: Organ transplant
5
HIV Transmission %: Unprotected sex
80
4 Principles of HIV Transmission
Exit
Survive
Sufficiency
Enter
If you engage in behaviors that may increase your
chances of getting HIV, ask if _______ is right for you.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
If you think you’ve been exposed to HIV within the
last ___ days, ask a health care provider about _______
3; Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
PEP can prevent HIV, but it must be started within ___ hours.
72
T or F: If your viral load is not undetectable — or does not
stay undetectable — you can still protect your
partners by using other HIV prevention options.
T
HIV Key populations
males having sex with males (MSM)
transgender
women
sex workers
trafficked women and
girls
people who inject drugs (PWID)
Majority of HIV cases are with
men having sex with men (MSMs)
An act promulgating the policies and prescribing
measures for the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in the Philippines
RA 8504: Philippine AIDS Control and Prevention Act of 1998
voluntary testing and
counseling without parental consent can now
be administered to teen agers in this age
bracket
15 to 17 years old
Health Memorandum Order (HMO) coverage of People Living with HIV (PLHIV)
Comprehensive sexuality education in schools
serves as a roadmap for government, civil society and the private sector to prevent and control the
spread of HIV in the country.
6-year AIDS Medium Term Plan (AMTP)
are caused by pathogenic
microbes Small enough to be discharged from an
infected person via coughing, sneezing, laughing and
close personal contact or aerosolization of the
microbe.
Airborne diseases
more than 5 microns
can travel less than 1 meter
fall to the ground in under 5 seconds
cannot be inhaled
> 100 um
Droplet
less than 5 microns
can travel within and beyond 1 meter
can float in air for hours
can be inhaled
Aerosols
4 types of Influenza viruses
ABCD
Influenza viruses that circulate and cause seasonal epidemics
A and B
Currently circulating in humans are
subtype ______ and ______
influenza viruses.
A(H1N1) or A(H1N1)pdm09
A(H3N2)
Only influenza type that cause pandemics
A
Influenza virus broken down into lineages
B
lineages of Influenza B virus
B/Yamagata
B/Victoria
is detected less frequently and usually causes
mild infections, thus does not present public
health importance
Influenza C virus
primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people
Influenza D Virus
Influenza symptoms begin ____ days after infection and usually
last around a week.
1 to 4
______ are constantly changing,
making it possible on very rare occasions for
non-human influenza viruses to change in such a
way that they can infect people easily and spread
efficiently from person to person.
Influenza A viruses
Flu can spread through
direct contact
surface contact
air (droplets or dust)
Viral infection that attacks the respiratory system
Influenza
Use antiviral agents within first __ days to treat influenza
2
__________ should be given only to complications of influenza (pneumonia/otitis media)
Antibiotics
Meaning of WASH
water, sanitation, and hygiene
is the only respiratory virus preventable
by vaccination.
Influenza
Flu risk is reduced ___% by vaccine
60
Weak or dead bacteria are introduced into the
patient, often by injection.
Vaccines
In vaccines, _______ are activated to produce
antibodies that fight the disease.
WBCs
In vaccines, if the microorganism re-infects the person, the
__________ neutralize the invading cells.
antibodies
He falsely linked MMR Vaccine to Autism
Andrew Wakefield
“A delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination
despite availability of vaccination services” -WHO
Vaccine hesitancy
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
T or F: Not everyone infected with TB bacteria becomes sick.
T
Infection is acquired by inhalation of M. tuberculosis in _________ and _______
aerosols; dust (airborne transmission)
has a waxy outer coat that can withstand drying and survive for long periods in air and house
dust
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
As few as ____ M. tuberculosis MTB
bacilli are necessary for human infection
5
T or F: TB is curable via DOTS
T
The treatment for TB is a combination of ____
anti-TB drugs.
3-4
Price of TB-DOTS Benefit Package
Php 4,000
MDR-TB manifests resistance to
Isoniazid and Rifampicin
XDR-TB manifest resistance to
Isoniazid, Rifampicin, any Fluoroquinolone, and Linezolid OR Bedaquiline
Most prevalent TB drug resistance
Isoniazid
