UNIT X: THE FUTURE OF PUBLIC HEALTH Flashcards
This has stressed the importance of Public Health.
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
Its t________ f_______ need to be continually reviewed and updated to build on this outcome.
traditional functions
T or F: Core principles and guiding concepts of all Public
Health activities should aim to allocate resources equitably, act on upstream determinants of health, synthesize evidence, and provide guidance to health services and professionals and health policy.
T
The goal of public health activities is
equity
Furthermore, the role of Public Health is closely linked to the e fforts for achieving
health equity
As outlined in a recent WHO report, health services,
income security and social protection, living conditions, social and human capital, and employment and working conditions are ____ _______ of intervention for achieving health equity.
key areas
have declined remarkably in all world regions
Child mortality
Maternal mortality
Since progress has been faster in the regions with the worst outcomes, we are also seeing ___________: the di fference between the best-o and worst-o world regions was almost 30 percentage points in the 1950s and has reduced to less than 7 percentage points today
convergence
Factors that help lessen child mortality
Vaccinations
Better Maternal Health
Proper Vitamins
T or F: There is a upward trend for child mortality globally
F
downward
T or F: Maternal and Child Health is one of the largest measures we have for the improvement of health centers
T
The type of data on Maternal and Child Health is
Ecologic
T or F: In every country in the world, people enjoy a higher life expectancy today than a century ago.
T
Today, a large share of deaths in low-income countries can be p________
prevented
T or F: As of 2015, in low-income countries, the average number of years that a newborn infant can expect to live (under current mortality patterns) is much lower than in high-income countries
T
As 2015, life expectancy ranges from just over ___ years in the poorest countries to over ___ years in the richest countries
50; 80
T or F: In 2015, Child mortality rate is higher in low-income countries
T
In many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, more than 10% of children die before their ____ birthday
5th
The “burden of diseases”, which is a variable that combines mortality patterns with data on the prevalence of disability and illness, also shows that people in poorer countries have generally much worse health.
Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY)
The burden of disease is measured in terms of
DALYs
T or F: HIV/AIDS, Malaria, diarrheal diseases, and conditions related to diet (malnutrition, nutritional deficiencies, etc.) are all preventable causes of death.
T
Rank high among the leading causes of death in low-income countries
HIV/AIDS, Malaria, diarrheal diseases, and conditions related to diet
Lack of access to _____ ________ aff ects health even when it doesn’t kill you: repeated bouts of diarrhea during childhood __________ impair both physical and cognitive development.
clean water; permanently
“miracle drugs” that could already save thousands of children
Chlorine - for purifying water
Salt & Sugar - the key ingredients of oral rehydration solutions
Out-of-pocket refers to ______ ________ made by households, including gratuities and in-kind payments, to health providers
direct outlays
T or F: Poor people spend a large share of their limited disposable income on health care
T
In countries such as Nigeria, India, Bangladesh, and Thailand, healthcare providers without formal medical training account for between _________ and _________ of primary care visits.
one-third; three-quarters
In 2015, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
Covers everything from gender equality to climate action, was developed to transform the world by creating equity and inclusion around the globe.
17 Sustainable Development Goals
addresses global public health directly, but many of the other goals are health-adjacent, impacting global health in a variety of ways
SDG 3
remains one of the main factors that push households from poverty into deprivation
Chronic & catastrophic disease
____ of all deaths worldwide stem from NCDs – chiefly cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes.
63%
The cumulative economic losses to low- and middle-income countries from the four diseases are estimated to surpass US$ ______ by 2025.
7 trillion
Additionally, there continues to be __________ in the social circumstances and environmental factors a ffecting health.
underinvestment
T or F: Recognizing the interdependence of health and development, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide an ambitious, comprehensive plan of action for people, planet, and prosperity and for ending the injustices that underpin poor health and development outcomes
T
SDG 3 aspires to ensure health and well-being for all, including a bold commitment to end the epidemics of
and other communicable diseases by 2030.
AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria,
“ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.”
SDG 3
5 Global Health-Adjacent Goals
SDGs 1, 2, 6, 10, 14
T or F: Five other goals in the initiative can be connected to health and well-being, and if reached, could contribute to solving global public health concerns
T
drew a direct line from poverty to poor health. The impact of poverty on life, beginning even before birth, can be felt for generations
American Association of Family Physicians
says that children who experience food deficiencies and extreme hunger are much more likely to su er from chronic health issues
American Psychological Association
_________ developed by UNICEF highlights the importance of clean water and sanitation, especially for children. For example, children in war-torn areas of the world are 20 times more likely to die from unsafe drinking water and diarrheal disease than from the conflict itself
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Program (WASH)
When health services are not distributed equally, marginalized populations and those with higher poverty rates are more likely to not receive su cient medical care
SDG?
SDG 10
reports that contaminated and overfished water and polluted fisheries contribute to the decline in available seafood, a significant animal protein food source for at least 3 billion people
World Wildlife Organization
poses significant threats to public health around the world.
Climate Change
T or F: Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, poor air quality, and other impacts of climate change indirectly harm human health
F
directly
exacerbates existing health inequalities between wealthier and poorer communities and can contribute to new health risks, including the outbreak of novel diseases like COVID-19.
Climate Change
biggest harborer of CO2 which it releases when it is heated
Ocean
T or F: The health e ffects of climate change disproportionately a ffect marginalized groups with fewer resources to mitigate risks or recover from impacts.
T
disproportionately exposed to toxic air pollution from the fossil fuel industry. Data also shows a higher incidence of asthma, heart disease, and premature death in areas with more environmental pollution.
Communities of color
have physiological vulnerabilities that amplify climate health risks.
Elderly, young, pregnant, and disabled individuals
T or F: Many outdoor workers are from socioeconomically disadvantaged communities.
T
T or F: Homeless populations are especially vulnerable to a warming climate.
T
CRISPR
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
T or F: Philippines is one of the least prepared countries for
pandemic
T
T or F: Big Companies provide the most to Climate Change more so than either rich or poor countries
T
T or F: The world’s population is aging
T
the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs.
Artificial intelligence (AI)
related to the task of using computers to understand human intelligence
AI
T or F: AI would have to confine itself to methods that are
biologically observable.
F
can best serve the goals of public health only with cross-disciplinary expansions and collaborations.
AI
bioterrorism, radiation leak, contaminants of food and water supply
Public Surveillance
are typically fed by data from public health o fficials
working in hospitals and agency settings.
Traditional disease surveillance systems
have predicted flu outbreaks earlier than traditional
disease surveillance systems.
Google Flu Trends
AI do not have the capacity to replace traditional surveillance systems and they should not be viewed as an alternative, but rather an __________ to traditional disease surveillance systems.
extension
Policies to use ____________ for safe drinking water and single dose vaccines with increased compliance.
nanotechnology
is the use of mobile computing and communication technologies for improving health.
Mobile-health (mHealth)
T or F: Government has its own limitations and cannot do it alone
T
Need for __________ engagement with appropriate partnership with the government.
intersectoral
T or F: Population-level health concerns and appreciation for the relationship between social and structural factors that impact health poise them as natural conveners of multisector partners to address health within their jurisdictions
T
