UNIT X INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY BASED-MANAGEMENTS

Question 1

(usually translated as “community”)

Answer 1

Gemeinschaft

Question 2

(“society” or “association”)

Answer 2

Gesellschaft

Question 3

stress personal social interactions, and the roles, values, and beliefs based on such interactions

Answer 3

Gemeinschaft

Question 4

stress indirect interactions, impersonal roles, formal values, and beliefs based on such interactions.

Answer 4

Gesellschaft

Question 5

the ___ dichotomy as a way to think about social ties

Answer 5

Gemeinschaft – Gesellschaft

Question 6

The important elements of the community are as follows:

Answer 6

1. Demographics
2. History
3. Understanding the economy, culture, and the community structures

Question 7

• Characteristics of population
• Tells about the movement of the population in the community that you will serve

Answer 7

1. Demographics

Question 8

• Allows you to identify certain patterns of change and people’s way of adapting these changes that can be useful in plotting your activities
• Events of the past that contributed to the development of the community

Answer 8

2. History

Question 9

• An economy consist of economic systems of a country or other area; the labour, capital and land resources; and the manufacturing, production, trade, distribution and consumption of goods and services of that area;
• Income level of the people
• Culture (Latin: cultura, lit. “cultivation”) ways of living of the people
• Structures physical, political, and social culture

Answer 9

3. Understanding the economy, culture, and the community structures

Question 10

Types of Community

Answer 10

1. Geographic Community
2. Tribal Community.
3. Symbolic Community.
4. Built-up Community.

Question 11

is the most powerful force that causes the creation of the community in which the people’s mobility or day-to-day are confined within a limited by physical boundaries. They establish their culture by doing their activities within a common social environment.

Answer 11

1. Geographic Community

Question 12

The cohesiveness of the community is strengthened by common social racial attributes and socio-cultural orientations that were passed on from generation to generation.

Answer 12

2. Tribal Community.

Question 13

The community is founded on deep rooted submission to belief system.

Answer 13

3. Symbolic Community.

Question 14

This community is oftentimes characterized by exclusivity which is driven by the people’s desire to freely express and practice their belief apart from discriminating view of others

Answer 14

3. Symbolic Community

Question 15

Usually located in urban areas and is not always characterized by cohesiveness because the people’s socio-economic concerns prevail over the entire social environment.

Answer 15

4. Built-up Community.

Question 16

Other Types of Communities

Answer 16

1. Interest –
2. Action
3. Place
4. Practice
5. Circumstance

Question 17

Communities of people who share the same interest or passion.

Answer 17

1. Interest –

Question 18

Communities of people trying to bring about change.

Answer 18

2. Action –

Question 19

Communities of people brought together by geographic boundaries.

Answer 19

3. Place –

Question 20

Communities of people in the same profession or undertake the same activities.

Answer 20

4. Practice –

Question 21

Communities of people brought together by external events/situations.

Answer 21

5. Circumstance –

Question 22

is when you work for free to help benefit the public or your community.

Answer 22

Community Service

Question 23

is a non- paying job performed by one person or a group of people for the benefit of the community or its institutions.

Answer 23

Community Service

Question 24

is distinct from volunteering, since it is not always performed on a voluntary basis.

Answer 24

Community service

Question 25

is a process where people who live in proximity to each other come together into an organization that acts in their shared self-interest.

Answer 25

Community organizing

Question 26

has as a core goal the generation of durable power for an organization representing the community, allowing it to influence key decision-makers on a range of issues over time.

Answer 26

Community organizing

Question 27

Types of Community Engagement

Answer 27

1. Community engagement with a focus on community development or community building
2. Community participation in consultation and decision-making
3. Community engagement that helps organizations, businesses etc. to improve their service delivery or to achieve their goals
4. Community engagement as part of social change movements or as part of the work of voluntary community organizations

Question 28

is one form of community organizing. This is nothing but an effort by the community to solve the day to day problems and help those in need.

Answer 28

Neighbourhood organizing

Question 29

In this approach, the society is viewed as a social organism and therefore the efforts are oriented towards building a sense of community.

Answer 29

1. The Social Work Approach:

Question 30

The community organizer whose role is of an “enabler or an advocate” helps the community identify a problem in the neighbourhood and strives to achieve the needed social resources by gathering the existing the social services and by lobbying with some in power to meet the needs of the neighbourhood.

Answer 30

1. The Social Work Approach:

Question 31

This method is more consensual and the neighbourhood is seen as a collective client.

Answer 31

1. The Social Work Approach

Question 32

The Political Activists Approach: ___, the Godfather of community organizing is the founder of this approach

Answer 32

Saul Alinsky

Question 33

The basic philosophy of this approach is based on his thinking that “ more representative the organization the stronger the organization.” In this approach the community is seen as a political entity and not as a social organism

Answer 33

2. The Political Activists Approach

Question 34

. Here, the neighbourhood is viewed as a potential power base capable of getting power. The role of the community organizer is to help the community understand the problem in terms of power and necessary steps are taken to mobilize the community.

Answer 34

2. The Political Activists Approach:

Question 35

The problem of the neighbourhood is always identified as absence of power and in the interest of gaining power for the neighbourhood the organizers are faced with conflicts with groups, interests and elites. Since most of the community organizers come from outside the community, it has faced the problems of equality of power relations and leadership in the community.

Answer 35

2. The Political Activists Approach:

Question 36

This approach has emerged out of both the previous approaches namely within the same neighbourhood movements. It is seen in the form of civic associations.

Answer 36

3. Neighbourhood Maintenance/Community development Approach:

Question 37

This association uses peer group pressure to provide services in the community. They use this strategy to pressurize the officials to deliver services to the community but sometimes this approach takes the form of political activists approach as they realize that their goals can be only achieved only through confrontations

Answer 37

3. Neighbourhood Maintenance/Community development Approach

Question 38

In this approach we see the characteristics of de-emphasis on dissent and confrontation and these organizations view themselves as more proactive and development minded.

Answer 38

3. Neighbourhood Maintenance/Community development Approach:

Question 39

Neighbourhood Model is the oldest model of community organization. This model has been practiced in India and in some of the underdeveloped countries.

Answer 39

4. Neighbourhood Development Approach:

Question 40

It has been used in the developmental activities. In general it is believed that people living in a neighbourhood have the capacity to meet the problems they come across in their day to day life through their own efforts and resources

Answer 40

4. Neighbourhood Development Approach:

Question 41

The main aspect here is that the community realizes its needs and takes appropriate steps to meet the needs of the community, which will bring greater satisfaction to all its members both individually and collectively.

Answer 41

4. Neighbourhood Development Approach:

Question 42

The role of the worker in this model is to induce a process that will sensitize the community and make the community realize its needs. Based on the value of self-sustenance the worker energizes the community and makes the community self-reliant, and not merely depending on the help form outside.

Answer 42

4. Neighbourhood Development Approach:

Question 43

So rather than providing services in the community, the communities are energized to meet its own needs. This model encourages the people to think for themselves rather

Answer 43

4. Neighbourhood Development Approach:

Question 44

So rather than providing services in the community, the communities are energized to meet its own needs. This model encourages the people to think for themselves rather

Answer 44

4. Neighbourhood Development Approach:

Question 45

As the name suggests, the system change model aims at developing strategies to either restructure or modify the system.

Answer 45

5. System Change Approach:

Question 46

Although we find glimpses of this model gaining more acceptances, this has not become very popular. We know of various mechanisms that cater to the needs of the society.

Answer 46

5. System Change Approach:

Question 47

All these services are rooted through various systems and all these systems do have sub-systems. The fundamental aspect in this model is that the due to various reasons the systems become dysfunctional. For example the system of education as we have it today, reveals that the cities have better educational faculties as compared to the rural areas.

Answer 47

5. System Change Approach:

Question 48

The system instead of becoming a tool of empowering mechanism brings disparities between people of different socio-economic condition. So the system has failed to achieve its objectives. Thus the worker on observing this dysfunction in the community finds it important to develop strategies to restructure or modify the system.

Answer 48

5. System Change Approach:

Question 49

One of the most difficult and rarely practiced models of community work is structural change model. The society consists of small communities and it is nothing but “a web of relationships”.

Answer 49

6. Structural Change Approach:

Question 50

These relationships of the people are formally structured by the respective countries’ state policies, law and constitutions and informally by its customs, traditions etc. that determines the social rights of the individuals.

Answer 50

6. Structural Change Approach:

Question 51

The social structure in some of the societies is controlled by the state. Understanding the macro- structure of social relationship and its impact on the micro realities, the worker tries to mobilize the public opinion to radically change the macro-structure. Thus the structural change model aims to bring a new social order, an alternative form of society which will transform the existing conditions at the micro-level.

Answer 51

6. Structural Change Approach:

Question 52

This can happen only if an alternative form of political ideology is adopted. This form of community work may originate from a community itself but it has wider coverage i.e. the entire society or nation. Sometimes this takes the shape of social action, which is another method of social work profession. Since the general situation in the developing countries is very peculiar, it is very difficult for the community worker to actually practice this model.

Answer 52

6. Structural Change Approach:

Question 53

involves working to high ethical standards and so how we go about engagement is vitally important.

Answer 53

Ethical community work/engagement

Question 54

Ethical community work/engagement involves working to high ethical standards and so how we go about engagement is vitally important. The following are some of the principles:

Answer 54

1. Careful planning and preparation:
2. Inclusion and demographic diversity:
3. Collaboration and shared purpose:
4. Openness and learning:
5. Transparency and trust:
6. Impact and action:
7. Sustained engagement and participatory culture promote a culture of participation with programs and institutions that support on going quality public engagement.

Question 55

Through adequate and inclusive planning, ensure that the design, organization, and convening of the process serve both a clearly defined purpose and the needs of the participants.

Answer 55

1. Careful planning and preparation:

Question 56

Equitably incorporate diverse people, voices, ideas, and information to lay the groundwork for quality outcomes and democratic legitimacy.

Answer 56

2. Inclusion and demographic diversity:

Question 57

Support and encourage participants, government and community institutions, and others to work together to advance the common good.

Answer 57

3. Collaboration and shared purpose:

Question 58

Help all involved listen to each other, explore new ideas unconstrained by predetermined outcomes, learn and apply information in ways that generate new options, and rigorously evaluate public engagement activities for effectiveness.

Answer 58

4. Openness and learning:

Question 59

Be clear and open about the process, and provide a public record of the organizers, sponsors, outcomes, and range of views and ideas expressed.

Answer 59

5. Transparency and trust:

Question 60

Ensure each participatory effort has real potential to make a difference, and that participants are aware of that potential.

Answer 60

6. Impact and action:

Question 61

Additional Ethical Principles

Answer 61

1. Courage
2. Inclusiveness
3. Commitment
4. Respect & honesty
5. Flexibility
6. Practicability
7. Mutual obligation

Question 62

allows individuals who are not familiar with the people and communities where they will work immerse themselves in these settings. This gives them the opportunity to reflect on their assumptions, attitudes, and the knowledge base of their profession and to gain cultural competence

Answer 62

Community immersion

Question 63

Communities become integral partners in educator preparation in different ways. Individuals can participate in:

Answer 63

• a residency program
• a field experience-based program

Question 64

• where they live and work in a community and take courses for a specified period of time;

Answer 64

a residency program,

Question 65

where methods courses are held in urban schools and summer exposures include exploring and learning about the community and interning with community agencies.

Answer 65

• a field experience-based program,

Question 66

Why immersion is an important approach (strategy) in giving service to the communities?

Answer 66

• An old proverb says that “Experience is the best teacher”
• Through community immersion, the students will be exposed in further and other realities of life which they may or may not belong
• The role of the youth in the national/local development cannot be overemphasized. To reinforce this, are the very words of our national hero, “The youth is the hope of the Motherland”